Byars-Winston Angela, Fouad Nadya, Wen Yao
Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA.
J Vocat Behav. 2015 Apr 1;87:54-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2014.12.003.
We used census data on the civilian non-institutional adult population to analyze trends in labor force participation by race/ethnicity and sex in U.S. occupations from 1970 to 2010 in decennial periods. We examined these data for the main effects and interactions of race/ethnicity and sex across the total labor market and within 35 detailed occupations. Results from a log-linear analysis revealed that, as a whole (across race/ethnicity), more women participated in the labor force from 1970 to 2010. The proportions of working racial/ethnic minorities to both the population and the people in the labor force increased across all decades except for Black men. Although White (Caucasian) men continuously comprised the largest racial/ethnic-sex group working across five decades in absolute numbers, their percentage of the total working population declined from 1970 (54%) to 2010 (37%). In our analyses of 35 occupations, significant sex differences within racial/ethnic groups emerged. Overall, with some exceptions, Asian men and women and White women were more likely to be absorbed into occupations typically associated with professional status whereas Black, Hispanic, and American Indian men and women were more likely to be absorbed into occupations typically associated with low skill, low wages, and low status. Implications for the role of psychologists in future research, practice, and policy are discussed.
我们使用了关于非机构化成年平民人口的普查数据，来分析1970年至2010年期间按种族/族裔和性别划分的美国职业劳动力参与率的趋势，数据以十年为周期。我们研究了这些数据，以分析种族/族裔和性别在整个劳动力市场以及35个详细职业中的主要影响和相互作用。对数线性分析的结果显示，总体而言（跨种族/族裔），1970年至2010年期间有更多女性参与劳动力市场。除黑人男性外，在所有十年中，工作的少数族裔在总人口和劳动力人口中的比例均有所增加。尽管白人（高加索人）男性在绝对数量上连续五十年一直是最大的种族/族裔-性别工作群体，但他们在总工作人口中的百分比从1970年的54%下降到了2010年的37%。在我们对35种职业的分析中，种族/族裔群体内部出现了显著的性别差异。总体而言，除了一些例外情况，亚洲男性和女性以及白人女性更有可能进入通常与专业地位相关的职业，而黑人、西班牙裔和美国印第安男性和女性则更有可能进入通常与低技能、低工资和低地位相关的职业。文中还讨论了心理学家在未来研究、实践和政策中的作用。
