Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2015 Jul;218(5):489-99. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.04.002. Epub 2015 Apr 21.
Phthalates are a class of chemicals widely used as plasticisers in a multitude of common consumer products. Through contact with such products, people are regularly exposed to phthalates, which are suspected to contribute to adverse health effects, particularly in the reproductive system. In the present study, 14 urinary phthalate metabolites of 10 parent phthalates were analysed by HPLC-MS/MS among the Austrian population aged 6-15 and 18-81 years in order to assess phthalate exposure. In the total study population, ranges of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations were n.d.-2,105 μg/l (median 25 μg/l) for monoethyl phthalate (MEP), n.d.-88 μg/l (10 μg/l) for mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), n.d.-248 μg/l (28 μg/l) for mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), n.d.-57 μg/l (1.8 μg/l) for mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), n.d.-20 μg/l (n.d.) for mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), n.d.-80 μg/l (2.6 μg/l) for mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP), n.d.-57 μg/l (1.9 μg/l) for mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (5oxo-MEHP), n.d.-219 μg/l (11 μg/l) for mono-(5-carboxy-2-ethylpentyl) phthalate (5cx-MEPP), n.d.-188 μg/l (1.6 μg/l) for 3-carboxy-mono-proply phthalate (3 cx-MPP), n.d.-5.5 μg/l (n.d.) for mono-cyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), n.d.-4.5 μg/l (n.d.) for mono-n-pentyl phthalate (MnPeP), n.d.-3.4 μg/l (n.d.) for mono-n-octyl phthalate (MnOP), n.d.-13 μg/l (n.d.) for mono-isononyl phthalate (MiNP), and n.d.-1.1 μg/l (n.d.) for mono-isodecyl phthalate (MiDP). Generally, children exhibited higher levels of exposure to the majority of investigated phthalates, except to MEP, which was found in higher concentrations in adults and senior citizens at a maximum concentration of 2,105 μg/l. Individual daily intakes were estimated based on urinary creatinine and urinary volume excretion and were then compared to acceptable exposure levels, leading to the identification of exceedances of mainly the Tolerable Daily Intakes (TDI), especially among children. The execution of a cumulative risk assessment based on Hazard Indices showed cause for concern mainly for children, as well as in rare cases for adults. Although phthalate exposure seems to have decreased in previous years, the wide distribution and existing exceedances of acceptable levels indicate that phthalate exposure should be further monitored in order to identify exposure sources and enable appropriate minimisation measures.
邻苯二甲酸酯是一类广泛用作多种常见消费产品增塑剂的化学物质。人们通过接触这些产品而经常接触邻苯二甲酸酯，这些化学物质被怀疑会对健康产生不利影响，特别是对生殖系统。在本研究中，对奥地利 6-15 岁和 18-81 岁人群中的 10 种邻苯二甲酸酯的 14 种尿邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物进行了 HPLC-MS/MS 分析，以评估邻苯二甲酸酯的暴露情况。在总研究人群中，单乙基邻苯二甲酸酯（MEP）的尿邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物浓度范围为 n.d.-2,105μg/l（中位数 25μg/l），单正丁基邻苯二甲酸酯（MnBP）的浓度范围为 n.d.-88μg/l（10μg/l），单异丁基邻苯二甲酸酯（MiBP）的浓度范围为 n.d.-248μg/l（28μg/l），单苄基邻苯二甲酸酯（MBzP）的浓度范围为 n.d.-57μg/l（1.8μg/l），单-（2-乙基己基）邻苯二甲酸酯（MEHP）的浓度范围为 n.d.-20μg/l（n.d.），单-（2-乙基-5-羟基己基）邻苯二甲酸酯（5OH-MEHP）的浓度范围为 n.d.-80μg/l（2.6μg/l），单-（2-乙基-5-氧代己基）邻苯二甲酸酯（5oxo-MEHP）的浓度范围为 n.d.-57μg/l（1.9μg/l），单-（5-羧基-2-乙基戊基）邻苯二甲酸酯（5cx-MEPP）的浓度范围为 n.d.-219μg/l（11μg/l），3-羧基单丙基邻苯二甲酸酯（3cx-MPP）的浓度范围为 n.d.-188μg/l（1.6μg/l），单环己基邻苯二甲酸酯（MCHP）的浓度范围为 n.d.-5.5μg/l（n.d.），单正戊基邻苯二甲酸酯（MnPeP）的浓度范围为 n.d.-4.5μg/l（n.d.），单正辛基邻苯二甲酸酯（MnOP）的浓度范围为 n.d.-3.4μg/l（n.d.），单异壬基邻苯二甲酸酯（MiNP）的浓度范围为 n.d.-13μg/l（n.d.），单-（2-异丙基）邻苯二甲酸酯（MiDP）的浓度范围为 n.d.-1.1μg/l（n.d.）。一般来说，儿童对大多数研究的邻苯二甲酸酯的暴露水平较高，除了 MEP，MEP 在成年人和老年人中的浓度较高，最高浓度为 2,105μg/l。基于尿肌酐和尿排量的个体日摄入量进行了估计，然后与可接受的暴露水平进行了比较，结果表明主要是可耐受日摄入量（TDI）超过了标准，特别是在儿童中。基于危害指数进行的累积风险评估表明，儿童存在风险，在极少数情况下，成年人也存在风险。尽管邻苯二甲酸酯的暴露似乎在过去几年有所减少，但广泛的分布和现有的可接受水平的超标表明，应该进一步监测邻苯二甲酸酯的暴露情况，以确定暴露源并采取适当的最小化措施。
