Carlson James C, Hyatt Doreene R, Ellis Jeremy W, Pipkin David R, Mangan Anna M, Russell Michael, Bolte Denise S, Engeman Richard M, DeLiberto Thomas J, Linz George M
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
Colorado State University, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, 1644 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1644, USA.
Vet Microbiol. 2015 Aug 31;179(1-2):60-8. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.04.009. Epub 2015 Apr 22.
Bird-livestock interactions have been implicated as potential sources for bacteria within concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO). European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in particular are known to contaminate cattle feed and water with Salmonella enterica through their fecal waste. We propose that fecal waste is not the only mechanisms through which starlings introduce S. enterica to CAFO. The goal of this study was to assess if starlings can mechanically move S. enterica. We define mechanical movement as the transportation of media containing S. enterica, on the exterior of starlings within CAFO. We collected 100 starlings and obtained external wash and gastrointestinal tract (GI) samples. We also collected 100 samples from animal pens. Within each pen we collected one cattle fecal, feed, and water trough sample. Isolates from all S. enterica positive samples were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. All sample types, including 17% of external starling wash samples, contained S. enterica. All sample types had at least one antimicrobial resistant (AMR) isolate and starling GI samples harbored multidrug resistant S. enterica. The serotypes isolated from the starling external wash samples were all found in the farm environment and 11.8% (2/17) of isolates from positive starling external wash samples were resistant to at least one class of antibiotics. This study provides evidence of a potential mechanism of wildlife introduced microbial contamination in CAFO. Mechanical movement of microbiological hazards, by starlings, should be considered a potential source of bacteria that is of concern to veterinary, environmental and public health.
家禽与家畜的相互作用被认为是集中式动物饲养场（CAFO）内细菌的潜在来源。特别是欧洲椋鸟（Sturnus vulgaris），已知它们会通过粪便污染牛的饲料和水，传播肠炎沙门氏菌。我们认为粪便并非椋鸟将肠炎沙门氏菌引入CAFO的唯一途径。本研究的目的是评估椋鸟是否能机械性地传播肠炎沙门氏菌。我们将机械性传播定义为在CAFO内椋鸟体表携带含有肠炎沙门氏菌的介质进行传播。我们收集了100只椋鸟，并获取了体表冲洗样本和胃肠道（GI）样本。我们还从动物围栏中收集了100个样本。在每个围栏内，我们收集了一份牛粪、饲料和水槽样本。对所有肠炎沙门氏菌阳性样本的分离株进行了药敏试验。所有样本类型，包括17%的椋鸟体表冲洗样本，都含有肠炎沙门氏菌。所有样本类型都至少有一株耐抗菌药物（AMR）分离株，椋鸟的胃肠道样本中含有多重耐药的肠炎沙门氏菌。从椋鸟体表冲洗样本中分离出的血清型在农场环境中均有发现，11.8%（2/17）的阳性椋鸟体表冲洗样本分离株对至少一类抗生素耐药。本研究提供了野生动物在CAFO中引入微生物污染的潜在机制的证据。椋鸟对微生物危害的机械性传播应被视为兽医、环境和公共卫生领域关注的潜在细菌来源。
