Wiers Reinout W, Boelema Sarai R, Nikolaou Kiki, Gladwin Thomas E
Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Cultural Diversity and Youth, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Curr Addict Rep. 2015;2(2):141-155. doi: 10.1007/s40429-015-0053-z.
Adolescence is a period in which brain structures involved in motivation and cognitive control continue to develop and also a period in which many youth begin substance use. Dual-process models propose that, among substance users, implicit or automatically activated neurocognitive processes gain in relative influence on substance use behavior, while the influence of cognitive control or reflective processes weakens. There is evidence that a variety of implicit cognitive processes, such as attentional bias, biased action tendencies (approach bias), memory bias and at a neural level, cue reactivity, are associated with adolescent substance use. The impact of these implicit processes on the further development of addictive behaviors appears to depend on moderating factors, such as (premorbid) executive control functions. Clear negative effects of adolescent substance use on executive control functions generally have not been found using behavioral tasks, although some studies have identified subtle and specific effects on cognitive functioning.
青春期是参与动机和认知控制的脑结构持续发育的时期，也是许多年轻人开始使用毒品的时期。双过程模型提出，在吸毒者中，内隐或自动激活的神经认知过程对吸毒行为的相对影响增强，而认知控制或反思过程的影响则减弱。有证据表明，各种内隐认知过程，如注意偏向、偏向行动倾向（趋近偏向）、记忆偏向，以及在神经层面上的线索反应性，都与青少年吸毒有关。这些内隐过程对成瘾行为进一步发展的影响似乎取决于调节因素，如（病前）执行控制功能。尽管一些研究已经确定了对认知功能的细微和特定影响，但使用行为任务一般未发现青少年吸毒对执行控制功能有明显的负面影响。
