Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-Laboratory, Developmental Psychology Research Program, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam , Netherlands.
Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA.
Front Psychiatry. 2014 May 19;5:51. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00051. eCollection 2014.
Research demonstrates that cognitive biases toward drug-related stimuli are correlated with substance use. This study aimed to investigate differences in cognitive biases (i.e., approach bias, attentional bias, and memory associations) between smoking and non-smoking adolescents in the US and the Netherlands. Within the group of smokers, we examined the relative predictive value of the cognitive biases and impulsivity related constructs (including inhibition skills, working memory, and risk taking) on daily smoking and nicotine dependence.
A total of 125 American and Dutch adolescent smokers (n = 67) and non-smokers (n = 58) between 13 and 18 years old participated. Participants completed the smoking approach-avoidance task, the classical and emotional Stroop task, brief implicit associations task, balloon analog risk task, the self-ordering pointing task, and a questionnaire assessing level of nicotine dependence and smoking behavior.
The analytical sample consisted of 56 Dutch adolescents (27 smokers and 29 non-smokers) and 37 American adolescents (19 smokers and 18 non-smokers). No differences in cognitive biases between smokers and non-smokers were found. Generally, Dutch adolescents demonstrated an avoidance bias toward both smoking and neutral stimuli whereas the American adolescents did not demonstrate a bias. Within the group of smokers, regression analyses showed that stronger attentional bias and weaker inhibition skills predicted greater nicotine dependence while weak working memory predicted more daily cigarette use.
Attentional bias, inhibition skills, and working memory might be important factors explaining smoking in adolescence. Cultural differences in approach-avoidance bias should be considered in future research.
研究表明，对与药物相关刺激的认知偏差与物质使用有关。本研究旨在调查美国和荷兰青少年吸烟和非吸烟群体之间的认知偏差（即接近偏差、注意力偏差和记忆关联）的差异。在吸烟者群体中，我们检验了认知偏差和与冲动相关的结构（包括抑制技能、工作记忆和冒险行为）对每日吸烟和尼古丁依赖的相对预测价值。
共有 125 名美国和荷兰 13 至 18 岁的青少年吸烟者（n=67）和非吸烟者（n=58）参与了这项研究。参与者完成了吸烟趋近回避任务、经典和情绪 Stroop 任务、简短内隐联想任务、气球模拟风险任务、自我排序指向任务以及一份评估尼古丁依赖水平和吸烟行为的问卷。
分析样本包括 56 名荷兰青少年（27 名吸烟者和 29 名非吸烟者）和 37 名美国青少年（19 名吸烟者和 18 名非吸烟者）。吸烟者和非吸烟者之间没有发现认知偏差的差异。一般来说，荷兰青少年对吸烟和中性刺激表现出回避倾向，而美国青少年则没有表现出这种倾向。在吸烟者群体中，回归分析显示，注意力偏差越强，抑制技能越弱，尼古丁依赖程度越高，而工作记忆越弱，每日吸烟量越大。
注意力偏差、抑制技能和工作记忆可能是解释青少年吸烟的重要因素。未来的研究应考虑接近-回避偏差的文化差异。
