Lin Hsiu-Chin, Høeg Jens T, Yusa Yoichi, Chan Benny K K
Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan.
Section of Marine Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2015 Oct;91:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.026. Epub 2015 May 12.
Barnacles are exceptional in having various sexual systems (androdioecy, hermaphroditism, dioecy) and with a high morphological diversity of males, though these are always minute (dwarf) compared to their female or hermaphrodite partners. For the first time, we use a multiple DNA marker-based phylogeny to elucidate the ancestral states and evolution of (1) dwarf males, (2) their morphology when present, (3) their attachment site on the partner, and (4) habitat use in thoracican barnacles. Our taxon sampling was especially rich in rare deep-sea Scalpelliformes and comprised species with diverse sexual systems and dwarf male morphologies. Within the thoracican barnacles dwarf male evolution is subject to extensive convergence, but always correlated to similar ecological conditions. Males evolved convergently at least four times from purely hermaphroditic ancestors, in each case correlated with the invasion into habitats with low mating group sizes. The independent evolution of dwarf males in these lineages dovetails with the males having different morphologies and occurring in several different locations on their sexual partner.
藤壶在拥有多种性系统（雄雄同体、雌雄同体、雌雄异体）方面很特别，并且雄性具有高度的形态多样性，不过与它们的雌性或雌雄同体伴侣相比，这些雄性总是很小（矮小）。我们首次使用基于多种DNA标记的系统发育来阐明（1）矮小雄性、（2）它们存在时的形态、（3）它们在伴侣上的附着部位以及（4）围胸目藤壶的栖息地利用的祖先状态和进化情况。我们的分类群采样在稀有的深海茗荷科中尤为丰富，并且包括具有不同性系统和矮小雄性形态的物种。在围胸目藤壶中，矮小雄性的进化存在广泛的趋同现象，但总是与相似的生态条件相关。雄性至少从纯雌雄同体的祖先独立进化了四次，在每种情况下都与侵入交配群体规模较小的栖息地相关。这些谱系中矮小雄性的独立进化与雄性具有不同形态并出现在其性伴侣的几个不同位置相吻合。
