Bali Anjana, Jaggi Amteshwar Singh
Rev Neurosci. 2015;26(5):555-79. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0004.
Stress is a state of threatened homeostasis during which a variety of adaptive processes are activated to produce physiological and behavioral changes. Stress induction methods are pivotal for understanding these physiological or pathophysiological changes in the body in response to stress. Furthermore, these methods are also important for the development of novel pharmacological agents for stress management. The well-described methods to induce stress in humans include the cold pressor test, Trier Social Stress Test, Montreal Imaging Stress Task, Maastricht Acute Stress Test, CO2 challenge test, Stroop test, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task, noise stress, and Mannheim Multicomponent Stress Test. Stress assessment in humans is done by measuring biochemical markers such as cortisol, cortisol awakening response, dexamethasone suppression test, salivary α-amylase, plasma/urinary norepinephrine, norepinephrine spillover rate, and interleukins. Physiological and behavioral changes such as galvanic skin response, heart rate variability, pupil size, and muscle and/or skin sympathetic nerve activity (microneurography) and cardiovascular parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, and self-reported anxiety are also monitored to assess stress response. This present review describes these commonly employed methods to induce stress in humans along with stress assessment methods.
应激是一种内稳态受到威胁的状态，在此期间会激活各种适应性过程以产生生理和行为变化。应激诱导方法对于理解机体对应激的这些生理或病理生理变化至关重要。此外，这些方法对于开发用于应激管理的新型药物也很重要。在人类中诱导应激的常用方法包括冷加压试验、特里尔社会应激试验、蒙特利尔成像应激任务、马斯特里赫特急性应激试验、二氧化碳激发试验、斯特鲁普试验、听觉连续加法任务、噪声应激和曼海姆多成分应激试验。对人类的应激评估是通过测量生化标志物来进行的，如皮质醇、皮质醇觉醒反应、地塞米松抑制试验、唾液α-淀粉酶、血浆/尿去甲肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素溢出率和白细胞介素。还会监测生理和行为变化，如皮肤电反应、心率变异性、瞳孔大小、肌肉和/或皮肤交感神经活动（微神经ography）以及心血管参数，如心率、血压和自我报告的焦虑，以评估应激反应。本综述描述了这些在人类中常用的应激诱导方法以及应激评估方法。
