School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China.
Chem Soc Rev. 2015 Aug 7;44(15):5680-742. doi: 10.1039/c4cs00483c. Epub 2015 May 29.
Surface modification and endothelialization of vascular biomaterials are common approaches that are used to both resist the nonspecific adhesion of proteins and improve the hemocompatibility and long-term patency of artificial vascular grafts. Surface modification of vascular grafts using hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol), zwitterionic polymers, heparin or other bioactive molecules can efficiently enhance hemocompatibility, and consequently prevent thrombosis on artificial vascular grafts. However, these modified surfaces may be excessively hydrophilic, which limits initial vascular endothelial cell adhesion and formation of a confluent endothelial lining. Therefore, the improvement of endothelialization on these grafts by chemical modification with specific peptides and genes is now arousing more and more interest. Several active peptides, such as RGD, CAG, REDV and YIGSR, can be specifically recognized by endothelial cells. Consequently, graft surfaces that are modified by these peptides can exhibit targeting selectivity for the adhesion of endothelial cells, and genes can be delivered by targeting carriers to specific tissues to enhance the promotion and regeneration of blood vessels. These methods could effectively accelerate selective endothelial cell recruitment and functional endothelialization. In this review, recent developments in the surface modification and endothelialization of biomaterials in vascular tissue engineering are summarized. Both gene engineering and targeting ligand immobilization are promising methods to improve the clinical outcome of artificial vascular grafts.
血管生物材料的表面改性和内皮化是常用的方法，既可以抵抗蛋白质的非特异性黏附，又可以提高人工血管移植物的血液相容性和长期通畅性。通过亲水性聚乙二醇、两性离子聚合物、肝素或其他生物活性分子对血管移植物进行表面改性，可以有效地提高血液相容性，从而防止人工血管移植物发生血栓形成。然而，这些改性表面可能过于亲水，限制了初始血管内皮细胞的黏附和形成连续的内皮衬里。因此，通过化学修饰特定的肽和基因来改善这些移植物的内皮化，现在越来越引起人们的兴趣。一些活性肽，如 RGD、CAG、REDV 和 YIGSR，可以被内皮细胞特异性识别。因此，经过这些肽修饰的移植物表面可以表现出对内皮细胞黏附的靶向选择性，并且可以通过靶向载体将基因递送到特定组织，以增强血管的促进和再生。这些方法可以有效地加速选择性内皮细胞募集和功能性内皮化。本文总结了血管组织工程中生物材料表面改性和内皮化的最新进展。基因工程和靶向配体固定化都是改善人工血管移植物临床效果的有前途的方法。
