Skau Colleen T, Waterman Clare M
Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; email:
Annu Rev Biophys. 2015;44:285-310. doi: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-060414-034308.
The actin cytoskeleton is essential for diverse processes in mammalian cells; these processes range from establishing cell polarity to powering cell migration to driving cytokinesis to positioning intracellular organelles. How these many functions are carried out in a spatiotemporally regulated manner in a single cytoplasm has been the subject of much study in the cytoskeleton field. Recent work has identified a host of actin nucleation factors that can build architecturally diverse actin structures. The biochemical properties of these factors, coupled with their cellular location, likely define the functional properties of actin structures. In this article, we describe how recent advances in cell biology and biochemistry have begun to elucidate the role of individual actin nucleation factors in generating distinct cellular structures. We also consider how the localization and orientation of actin nucleation factors, in addition to their kinetic properties, are critical to their ability to build a functional actin cytoskeleton.
肌动蛋白细胞骨架对于哺乳动物细胞的多种过程至关重要；这些过程涵盖从建立细胞极性到驱动细胞迁移、进行胞质分裂以及定位细胞内细胞器等。在单个细胞质中，这些众多功能如何以时空调节的方式得以执行，一直是细胞骨架领域大量研究的主题。最近的研究工作已经鉴定出许多能够构建结构多样的肌动蛋白结构的肌动蛋白成核因子。这些因子的生化特性，再加上它们在细胞内的定位，可能决定了肌动蛋白结构的功能特性。在本文中，我们描述了细胞生物学和生物化学方面的最新进展如何开始阐明单个肌动蛋白成核因子在生成不同细胞结构中的作用。我们还探讨了肌动蛋白成核因子的定位和方向，除了其动力学特性外，对于它们构建功能性肌动蛋白细胞骨架的能力至关重要。
