Biosorbent encapsulation in calcium alginate: Effects of process variables on Cr(VI) removal from solutions.

Selected biosorbents, brewers draff and grape waste, have been encapsulated in calcium alginate beads and used for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The effects of encapsulation variables, including the type of waste, the percentage of waste in the beads and the curing time of the beads in CaCl2, on the diameters of the beads and Cr(VI) sorption kinetics have been evaluated. In total, 21 different types of beads were produced. The diameters of the beads increased with increasing amounts of encapsulated biomaterial. Beads that contained grape waste were larger than those containing brewers draff. The most efficient beads for Cr(VI) removal were beads that contained 4% (w/w) of grape waste. No significant differences in the kinetics of Cr(VI) sorption were found with respect to the curing time variable in the case of grape waste calcium alginate beads. Statistical analysis confirmed that the type and percentage of waste are the critical parameters influencing the diameters of the beads and Cr(VI) removal. It was proven that the sorption efficiencies of the beads containing draff and grape waste encapsulated under the optimum conditions were much higher than the efficiencies obtained when using both wastes in their native states.