Department of Animal Physiology and Livestock Systems, INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction Jouy-en-Josas, France.
Department of Animal Physiology and Livestock Systems, INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction Jouy-en-Josas, France ; Department of Biology, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines Versailles, France.
Front Neurosci. 2015 Jun 25;9:226. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00226. eCollection 2015.
It has long been known that the behavior of an animal can be affected by odors from another species. Such interspecific effects of odorous compounds (allelochemics) are usually characterized according to who benefits (emitter, receiver, or both) and the odors categorized accordingly (allomones, kairomones, and synomones, respectively), which has its origin in the definition of pheromones, i.e., intraspecific communication via volatile compounds. When considering vertebrates, however, interspecific odor-based effects exist which do not fit well in this paradigm. Three aspects in particular do not encompass all interspecific semiochemical effects: one relates to the innateness of the behavioral response, another to the origin of the odor, and the third to the intent of the message. In this review we focus on vertebrates, and present examples of behavioral responses of animals to odors from other species with specific reference to these three aspects. Searching for a more useful classification of allelochemical effects we examine the relationship between the valence of odors (attractive through to aversive), and the relative contributions of learned and unconditioned (innate) behavioral responses to odors from other species. We propose that these two factors (odor valence and learning) may offer an alternative way to describe the nature of interspecific olfactory effects involving vertebrates compared to the current focus on who benefits.
长期以来，人们已经知道动物的行为可以受到来自另一个物种的气味的影响。这种有气味的化合物（他感化学物质）的种间效应通常根据谁受益（发射器、接收器或两者）来进行特征描述，并相应地对气味进行分类（分别为信息素、利它素和同素异性体），这起源于信息素的定义，即通过挥发性化合物进行种内交流。然而，当考虑脊椎动物时，存在种间基于气味的效应，这些效应不太符合这一范式。特别是有三个方面没有涵盖所有种间信息化学物质效应：一个与行为反应的天生性有关，另一个与气味的来源有关，第三个与信息的意图有关。在这篇综述中，我们专注于脊椎动物，并举例说明了动物对其他物种气味的行为反应，特别提到了这三个方面。为了寻找一种更有用的他感化学物质效应分类方法，我们研究了气味的效价（从吸引到厌恶）与对来自其他物种的气味的条件反射和非条件反射（天生）行为反应之间的关系。我们提出，与当前关注谁受益相比，这两个因素（气味效价和学习）可能为描述涉及脊椎动物的种间嗅觉效应的性质提供了一种替代方法。
