Advances in diagnosis, treatments, and molecular mechanistic studies of traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a main cause of death and disability around the world especially in soldiers, children, and young men. Since its clinical diagnosis and treatment cannot predict its prognosis, novel diagnostic techniques need to be developed, insight into its molecular mechanisms needs to be gleaned, and alternative and complementary medicine (ACM) approaches to its treatment need to be developed. This review summarizes the new diagnostic methods used in clinical practice, such as imaging of structural abnormalities after TBI and measurement of prognosis-related biomarkers. This review also describes the cellular mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in terms of intracellular signaling pathways, the extracellular microenvironment, and stem cells. This review concludes by describing experimental and clinical studies of the use of traditional Chinese medicine as a form of ACM to treat TBI. This review helps to understand advances in the field of TBI diagnosis and treatment.