1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.
2 Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.
Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2015 Dec;21(6):543-59. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2015.0142. Epub 2015 Oct 20.
Articular cartilage is the load-bearing tissue found inside all articulating joints of the body. It vastly reduces friction and allows for smooth gliding between contacting surfaces. The structure of articular cartilage matrix and cellular composition is zonal and is important for its mechanical properties. When cartilage becomes injured through trauma or disease, it has poor intrinsic healing capabilities. The spectrum of cartilage injury ranges from isolated areas of the joint to diffuse breakdown and the clinical appearance of osteoarthritis. Current clinical treatment options remain limited in their ability to restore cartilage to its normal functional state. This review focuses on the evolution of biomaterial scaffolds that have been used for functional cartilage tissue engineering. In particular, we highlight recent developments in multiscale biofabrication approaches attempting to recapitulate the complex 3D matrix of native articular cartilage tissue. Additionally, we focus on the application of these methods to engineering each zone of cartilage and engineering full-thickness osteochondral tissues for improved clinical implantation. These methods have shown the potential to control individual cell-to-scaffold interactions and drive progenitor cell differentiation into a chondrocyte lineage. The use of these bioinspired nanoengineered scaffolds hold promise for recreation of structure and function on the whole tissue level and may represent exciting new developments for future clinical applications for cartilage injury and restoration.
关节软骨是存在于人体所有关节活动部位的承重组织。它大大减少了摩擦，使接触表面能够平滑滑动。关节软骨基质和细胞组成的结构呈区域性，这对其力学性能很重要。当软骨因创伤或疾病而受伤时，它的自我修复能力很差。软骨损伤的范围从关节的孤立区域到弥漫性破坏，以及骨关节炎的临床表现。目前的临床治疗选择在恢复软骨正常功能状态的能力方面仍然有限。本综述重点介绍了用于功能性软骨组织工程的生物材料支架的发展。特别是，我们强调了最近在试图再现天然关节软骨组织复杂的 3D 基质的多尺度生物制造方法方面的进展。此外，我们还关注了将这些方法应用于工程软骨的各个区域和全层骨软骨组织，以提高临床植入的效果。这些方法已经显示出控制单个细胞与支架相互作用并促使祖细胞分化为软骨细胞谱系的潜力。这些仿生纳米工程支架的使用有望在整个组织水平上重建结构和功能，并可能为软骨损伤和修复的未来临床应用带来令人兴奋的新发展。
