Moermond Caroline T A, Smit C Els
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2016 Apr;35(4):882-8. doi: 10.1002/etc.3178. Epub 2015 Dec 22.
Environmental quality standards (EQSs) for 3 pharmaceuticals in surface water were derived: carbamazepine (epilepsy), metoprolol (heart failure), and metformin (diabetes). In recent years, these pharmaceuticals have been detected frequently in Dutch surface waters. The proposed standards are based on ecotoxicity data from national and European authorization dossiers and additional information obtained from open literature. The methods used are in accordance with the methodology of the Water Framework Directive and national frameworks for risk limit derivation. Only the exposure route regarding direct ecotoxic effects on ecosystems could be taken into account for deriving EQSs. The exposure route of secondary poisoning of fish-eating animals was not triggered, and not enough data were available or accessible to derive an EQS for the exposure of humans due to consumption of fish. Monitoring data for surface waters worldwide show that the proposed quality standards for carbamazepine may be exceeded. It could be expected that when carbamazepine use increases or effluents are diluted less during dry seasons, standards will be exceeded more often.
推导得出了地表水中3种药物的环境质量标准：卡马西平（用于治疗癫痫）、美托洛尔（用于治疗心力衰竭）和二甲双胍（用于治疗糖尿病）。近年来，这些药物在荷兰地表水中被频繁检测到。提议的标准基于来自国家和欧洲授权档案中的生态毒性数据以及从公开文献中获取的其他信息。所采用的方法符合《水框架指令》的方法以及国家风险限值推导框架。在推导环境质量标准时，仅考虑了对生态系统直接产生生态毒性影响的暴露途径。未触发食鱼动物二次中毒的暴露途径，且没有足够的数据或无法获取足够数据来推导因食用鱼类而导致人类暴露的环境质量标准。全球地表水的监测数据表明，卡马西平提议的质量标准可能会被超过。可以预期，当卡马西平的使用增加或在旱季废水稀释程度降低时，标准被超过的情况会更频繁。
