Esquivel J F
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plains Area, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research Unit, 2765 F & B Road, College Station, TX 77845.
Environ Entomol. 2015 Jun;44(3):619-26. doi: 10.1093/ee/nvv027. Epub 2015 Mar 29.
Members of the Miridae (Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois and Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Reuter) and Pentatomidae (Acrosternum hilare Say, Euschistus servus (Say), Euschistus tristigmus (Say), Euschistus quadrator Rolston, Oebalus pugnax (F.), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), and Thyanta custator accerra McAtee) comprise a piercing-sucking insect complex that continues to plague multiple crops, including cotton. All these species have been associated with pathogen transmission. Breaching of boll carpel walls facilitates introduction of pathogens, and it is unknown whether stylets of these pests can fully penetrate carpel walls. Thus, stylet penetration estimates are needed and have been the focus of the present work. Stylet penetration estimates for L. lineolaris were significantly deeper than P. seriatus. Among the Pentatomidae, highest mean penetration was estimated for E. servus followed by A. hilare, yet A. hilare possessed a longer rostrum. Similarly, O. pugnax showed deeper penetration estimates than P. guildinii yet P. guildinii possessed a longer rostrum. Thus, rostrum length should not be equated to penetration potential. Pseudatomoscelis seriatus and L. lineolaris both infest early-season cotton, and the ranges of observed penetration indicate these insects, as well as the Pentatomidae, can breach the walls of critical pinhead squares and smaller bolls. The insects addressed herein affect a myriad of crops globally, and penetration estimates allow identification of growth stages susceptible to feeding and disease transmission.
盲蝽科（牧草盲蝽和三点盲蝽）以及蝽科（绿蝽、五点异蝽、稻绿蝽、四斑异蝽、稻缘蝽、茶翅蝽、红脊长蝽和细纹岱蝽）的成员构成了一个刺吸式昆虫复合体，它们持续危害包括棉花在内的多种作物。所有这些物种都与病原体传播有关。棉铃心皮壁的破损便于病原体的侵入，而这些害虫的口针能否完全穿透心皮壁尚不清楚。因此，需要对口针穿透情况进行评估，这也是本研究的重点。牧草盲蝽的口针穿透深度估计值显著深于三点盲蝽。在蝽科中，五点异蝽的平均穿透深度估计最高，其次是绿蝽，然而绿蝽的喙更长。同样，稻缘蝽的穿透深度估计值比红脊长蝽深，而红脊长蝽的喙更长。因此，喙的长度不应等同于穿透能力。三点盲蝽和牧草盲蝽都会侵害早熟棉花，观察到的穿透范围表明这些昆虫以及蝽科昆虫能够穿透关键的针头大小的棉蕾和较小棉铃的心皮壁。本文所涉及的昆虫在全球范围内影响着无数作物，而穿透深度估计有助于确定易受取食和疾病传播影响的生长阶段。
