Wright James R, Baskin Leland B
From the Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary/Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2015 Sep;139(9):1161-72. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0528-HP.
Historical research on pathology and laboratory medicine services in World War I has been limited. In the Spanish American War, these efforts were primarily focused on tropical diseases. World War I problems that could be addressed by pathology and laboratory medicine were strikingly different because of the new field of clinical pathology. Geographic differences, changing war tactics, and trench warfare created new issues.
To describe the scope of pathology and laboratory medicine services in World War I and the value these services brought to the war effort.
Available primary and secondary sources related to American Expeditionary Forces' laboratory services were analyzed and contrasted with the British and German approaches.
The United States entered the war in April 1917. Colonel Joseph Siler, MD, a career medical officer, was the director, and Colonel Louis B. Wilson, MD, head of pathology at the Mayo Clinic, was appointed assistant director of the US Army Medical Corps Division of Laboratories and Infectious Disease, based in Dijon, France. During the next year, they organized 300 efficient laboratories to support the American Expeditionary Forces. Autopsies were performed to better understand treatment of battlefield injuries, effects of chemical warfare agents, and the influenza pandemic; autopsies also generated teaching specimens for the US Army Medical Museum. Bacteriology services focused on communicable diseases. Laboratory testing for social diseases was very aggressive. Significant advances in blood transfusion techniques, which allowed brief blood storage, occurred during the war but were not primarily overseen by laboratory services.
Both Siler and Wilson received Distinguished Service Medals. Wilson's vision for military pathology services helped transform American civilian laboratory services in the 1920s.
关于第一次世界大战中病理学和检验医学服务的历史研究一直很有限。在美西战争中，这些工作主要集中在热带疾病上。由于临床病理学这一新领域，第一次世界大战中可通过病理学和检验医学解决的问题显著不同。地理差异、战争战术的变化以及堑壕战带来了新问题。
描述第一次世界大战中病理学和检验医学服务的范围以及这些服务给战争带来的价值。
分析了与美国远征军实验室服务相关的现有一手和二手资料，并与英国和德国的方法进行了对比。
美国于1917年4月参战。职业军医约瑟夫·西勒上校担任主任，梅奥诊所病理学负责人路易斯·B·威尔逊上校被任命为美国陆军医疗队实验室与传染病司助理主任，该司位于法国第戎。在接下来的一年里，他们组建了300个高效实验室以支持美国远征军。进行尸体解剖以更好地了解战场损伤的治疗、化学战剂的影响以及流感大流行；尸体解剖还为美国陆军医学博物馆提供了教学标本。细菌学服务集中于传染病。对性病的实验室检测力度很大。输血技术在战争期间取得了重大进展，使得血液能够短暂储存，但这些进展并非主要由实验室服务部门监管。
西勒和威尔逊都获得了杰出服务勋章。威尔逊对军事病理学服务的愿景在20世纪20年代帮助改变了美国的民用实验室服务。
