Degrandi-Hoffman Gloria, Chen Yanping, Watkins Dejong Emily, Chambers Mona L, Hidalgo Geoffrey
USDA-ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, 2000 East Allen Rd., Tucson, AZ 85719.
USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg. 306, Rm. 315, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705.
J Econ Entomol. 2015 Dec;108(6):2518-28. doi: 10.1093/jee/tov251. Epub 2015 Aug 28.
Sublethal exposure to fungicides can affect honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in ways that resemble malnutrition. These include reduced brood rearing, queen loss, and increased pathogen levels. We examined the effects of oral exposure to the fungicides boscalid and pyraclostrobin on factors affecting colony nutrition and immune function including pollen consumption, protein digestion, hemolymph protein titers, and changes in virus levels. Because the fungicides are respiratory inhibitors, we also measured ATP concentrations in flight muscle. The effects were evaluated in 3- and 7-d-old worker bees at high fungicide concentrations in cage studies, and at field-relevant concentrations in colony studies. Though fungicide levels differed greatly between the cage and colony studies, similar effects were observed. Hemolymph protein concentrations were comparable between bees feeding on pollen with and without added fungicides. However, in both cage and colony studies, bees consumed less pollen containing fungicides and digested less of the protein. Bees fed fungicide-treated pollen also had lower ATP concentrations and higher virus titers. The combination of effects we detected could produce symptoms that are similar to those from poor nutrition and weaken colonies making them more vulnerable to loss from additional stressors such as parasites and pathogens.
亚致死剂量接触杀菌剂会以类似营养不良的方式影响蜜蜂（西方蜜蜂）。这些影响包括育雏减少、蜂王损失以及病原体水平升高。我们研究了口服杀菌剂啶酰菌胺和吡唑醚菌酯对影响蜂群营养和免疫功能的因素的影响，这些因素包括花粉消耗、蛋白质消化、血淋巴蛋白滴度以及病毒水平的变化。由于这些杀菌剂是呼吸抑制剂，我们还测量了飞行肌肉中的ATP浓度。在笼养研究中，以高浓度杀菌剂评估了3日龄和7日龄工蜂的影响；在蜂群研究中，以与田间相关的浓度进行了评估。尽管笼养研究和蜂群研究中的杀菌剂水平差异很大，但观察到了类似的影响。取食添加和未添加杀菌剂花粉的蜜蜂之间血淋巴蛋白浓度相当。然而，在笼养研究和蜂群研究中，蜜蜂消耗的含杀菌剂花粉较少，消化的蛋白质也较少。取食经杀菌剂处理花粉的蜜蜂ATP浓度也较低，病毒滴度较高。我们检测到的这些综合影响可能会产生与营养不良类似的症状，并削弱蜂群，使其更容易因寄生虫和病原体等额外压力源而损失。
