Nelson Nicole L, Russell James A
School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2016 Jan;141:49-64. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.07.016. Epub 2015 Aug 27.
In a classic study, children were shown an array of facial expressions and asked to choose the person who expressed a specific emotion. Children were later asked to name the emotion in the face with any label they wanted. Subsequent research often relied on the same two tasks--choice from array and free labeling--to support the conclusion that children recognize basic emotions from facial expressions. Here five studies (N=120, 2- to 10-year-olds) showed that these two tasks produce illusory recognition; a novel nonsense facial expression was included in the array. Children "recognized" a nonsense emotion (pax or tolen) and two familiar emotions (fear and jealousy) from the same nonsense face. Children likely used a process of elimination; they paired the unknown facial expression with a label given in the choice-from-array task and, after just two trials, freely labeled the new facial expression with the new label. These data indicate that past studies using this method may have overestimated children's expression knowledge.
在一项经典研究中，向孩子们展示一系列面部表情，并要求他们选出表现出特定情绪的人。随后要求孩子们用他们想要的任何标签来命名面部表情中的情绪。后续研究通常依赖于同样的两项任务——从阵列中选择和自由标注——来支持这样的结论：孩子们能够从面部表情中识别基本情绪。这里的五项研究（N = 120，2至10岁儿童）表明，这两项任务产生了虚假识别；阵列中包含了一种新颖的无意义面部表情。孩子们从同一张无意义的脸上“识别”出了一种无意义的情绪（帕克或托伦）以及两种熟悉的情绪（恐惧和嫉妒）。孩子们可能使用了排除法；他们将未知的面部表情与从阵列中选择任务中给出的标签配对，经过仅仅两次试验，就用新标签自由地标注了新的面部表情。这些数据表明，过去使用这种方法的研究可能高估了孩子们的表情知识。
