Oyafuso Zack S, Baxter Anne E, Hall Jason E, Naman Sean M, Greene Correigh M, Rhodes Linda D
Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, PO Box 355672, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Current address: Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, PO Box 1346, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA.
Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA E-mail:
J Water Health. 2015 Sep;13(3):827-37. doi: 10.2166/wh.2015.253.
Rising populations around coastal systems are increasing the threats to marine water quality. To assess anthropogenic fecal influence, subtidal waters were examined monthly for human- and ruminant-sourced Bacteroidales markers at 80 sites across six oceanographic basins of the Salish Sea (Washington State) from April through October, 2011. In the basins containing cities with individual populations>190,000, >50% of sites were positive for the human marker, while in the basins with high densities of dairy and cattle operations, ∼30% of sites were positive for the ruminant marker. Marker prevalence was elevated in spring (April and May) and fall (October) and reduced during summer (June through September), corresponding with seasonal precipitation. By logistic regression, the odds of human marker detection increased with percentage of adjacent catchment impervious surface, dissolved nitrate concentration, and abundance of low nucleic acid bacteria, but decreased with salinity and chlorophyll fluorescence. The odds of ruminant marker detection increased with dissolved ammonium concentration, mean flow rate for the nearest river, and adjacent shoreline length. These relationships are consistent with terrestrial to marine water flow as a transport mechanism. Thus, Bacteroidales markers traditionally used for identifying nearby sources can be used for assessing anthropogenic fecal inputs to regional marine ecosystems.
沿海地区人口的增长对海洋水质构成了越来越大的威胁。为了评估人为粪便的影响，2011年4月至10月期间，每月对萨利希海（华盛顿州）六个海洋盆地的80个地点的潮下水域进行检测，以检测源自人类和反刍动物的拟杆菌目标记物。在人口超过19万的城市所在的盆地中，超过50%的检测点的人类标记物呈阳性，而在奶牛场和养牛场密度较高的盆地中，约30%的检测点的反刍动物标记物呈阳性。标记物的流行率在春季（4月和5月）和秋季（10月）升高，在夏季（6月至9月）降低，这与季节性降水相对应。通过逻辑回归分析发现，检测到人类标记物的几率随着相邻集水区不透水表面的百分比、溶解硝酸盐浓度以及低核酸细菌的丰度增加而增加，但随着盐度和叶绿素荧光降低。检测到反刍动物标记物的几率随着溶解铵浓度、最近河流的平均流速以及相邻海岸线长度增加而增加。这些关系与陆地到海水的水流作为一种传输机制是一致的。因此，传统上用于识别附近污染源的拟杆菌目标记物可用于评估区域海洋生态系统中的人为粪便输入。
