Signaling Pathways and MicroRNA Changes in Nano-TiO2 Treated Human Lung Epithelial (BEAS-2B) Cells.

The effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2 Degussa p25) treatment of human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) was examined by analyzing changes in messenger [mRNA] and microRNA [miRNA]. BEAS-2B cells were treated with 0, 3, 10, 30 or 100 μg/ml nano-TiO2 for 1 day (for mRNA analysis) or 3 days (for miRNA analysis). Differentially expressed mRNA and miRNA were analyzed using Affymetrix microarrays and Affymetrix miRNA microarrays, respectively. Although, the tested doses were not cytotoxic, there were alterations in both mRNA and miRNA expression. The expression of mRNA/miRNA changes were examined in MetaCore (GeneGo) and IPA (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis) to delineate associated canonical/signaling pathways. Canonical/signaling pathways altered by nano-TiO2 treatments included: cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, calcium signaling, translation, NRF2-mediated oxidative response, IGF1 signaling, RAS signaling, PI3K/AKT signaling, cytoskeleton remodeling, cell adhesion, BMP signaling, and inflammatory response. Many of the genes in these pathways are known to be regulated by the miRNAs whose expressions were altered by the nano-TiO2 treatment. The miRNA 17-92 cluster and let-7 miRNA family that are involved in lung cancer formation were altered by nano-TiO2 treatment. The miR-17-92 cluster, an oncogenic microRNA cluster, is induced while the tumor suppressor microRNA, let-7 family, is suppressed. The changes of let-7/KRAS signaling pathway was observed in all the doses treated. The observed changes in miRNA expression introduces an additional mechanistic dimension that supports the significance of the observed mRNA expression changes, and demonstrated that the nano-TiO2 in vitro treatment in human lung cells can cause diverse but coordinated pathway alterations associated with changes in in vivo response to tumorigenes.