Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015 Nov;13(11):677-90. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro3522. Epub 2015 Sep 7.
The Earth's cryosphere comprises those regions that are cold enough for water to turn into ice. Recent findings show that the icy realms of polar oceans, glaciers and ice sheets are inhabited by microorganisms of all three domains of life, and that temperatures below 0 °C are an integral force in the diversification of microbial life. Cold-adapted microorganisms maintain key ecological functions in icy habitats: where sunlight penetrates the ice, photoautotrophy is the basis for complex food webs, whereas in dark subglacial habitats, chemoautotrophy reigns. This Review summarizes current knowledge of the microbial ecology of frozen waters, including the diversity of niches, the composition of microbial communities at these sites and their biogeochemical activities.
地球的冰冻圈包括那些足够冷以至于水可以变成冰的区域。最近的研究发现，极地海洋、冰川和冰原的冰区栖息着所有三个生命领域的微生物，并且 0°C 以下的温度是微生物生命多样化的一个重要因素。适应寒冷的微生物在冰冷的栖息地维持着关键的生态功能：在阳光穿透冰层的地方，自养作用是复杂食物网的基础，而在黑暗的地下冰川栖息地，化能自养作用则占主导地位。本综述总结了冰冻水域微生物生态学的现有知识，包括生态位的多样性、这些地点微生物群落的组成及其生物地球化学活性。
