De Rijcke M, Vandegehuchte M B, Vanden Bussche J, Nevejan N, Vanhaecke L, De Schamphelaere K A C, Janssen C R
Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2015 Nov;47(1):175-81. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.003. Epub 2015 Sep 5.
Like marine diseases, harmful algal blooms (HABs) are globally increasing in frequency, severity and geographical scale. As a result, bivalves will have to face the combined threat of toxic algae and marine pathogens more frequently in the (near) future. These stressors combined may further affect the recruitment of ecologically and economically important bivalve species as HABs can affect the growth, viability and development of their larvae. To date, little is known on the specific effects of HABs on the innate immune system of bivalve larvae. This study therefore investigates whether two common harmful algae can influence the larval viability, development and immunological resilience of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Embryos of this model organism were exposed (48 h) to five densities of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries or Prorocentrum lima cells. In addition, the effect of six concentrations of their respective toxins: domoic acid (DA) and okadaic acid (OA) were assessed. OA was found to significantly reduce larval protein phosphatase activity (p < 0.001) and larval viability (p < 0.01) at concentrations as low as 37.8 μg l(-1). P. multiseries (1400 cells ml(-1)), P. lima (150 cells ml(-1)) and DA (dosed five times higher than typical environmental conditions i.e. 623.2 μg l(-1)) increased the phenoloxidase (PO) innate immune activity of the mussel larvae. These results suggest that the innate immune response of even the earliest life stages of bivalves is susceptible to the presence of HABs.
与海洋疾病一样，有害藻华（HABs）在全球范围内的发生频率、严重程度和地理范围都在增加。因此，双壳贝类在（不久的）未来将更频繁地面临有毒藻类和海洋病原体的双重威胁。这些压力源共同作用可能会进一步影响具有生态和经济重要性的双壳贝类物种的补充，因为有害藻华会影响其幼虫的生长、活力和发育。迄今为止，关于有害藻华对双壳贝类幼虫先天免疫系统的具体影响知之甚少。因此，本研究调查了两种常见的有害藻类是否会影响蓝贻贝（Mytilus edulis）幼虫的活力、发育和免疫恢复力。将这种模式生物的胚胎暴露于（48小时）五种密度的多列拟菱形藻（Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries）或利马原甲藻（Prorocentrum lima）细胞中。此外，还评估了六种浓度的各自毒素：软骨藻酸（DA）和冈田酸（OA）的影响。发现OA在低至37.8μg l(-1)的浓度下会显著降低幼虫蛋白磷酸酶活性（p < 0.001）和幼虫活力（p < 0.01）。多列拟菱形藻（1400个细胞 ml(-1)）、利马原甲藻（150个细胞 ml(-1)）和DA（剂量比典型环境条件高五倍，即623.2μg l(-1)）会增加贻贝幼虫的酚氧化酶（PO）先天免疫活性。这些结果表明，即使是双壳贝类最早的生命阶段，其先天免疫反应也容易受到有害藻华的影响。
