De Rijcke M, Van Acker E, Nevejan N, De Schamphelaere K A C, Janssen C R
Ghent University (UGent), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Ghent University (UGent), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2016 Oct;57:236-242. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.027. Epub 2016 Aug 21.
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and marine pathogens - like Vibrio spp. - are increasingly common due to climate change. These stressors affect the growth, viability and development of bivalve larvae. Little is known, however, about the potential for interactions between these two concurrent stressors. While some mixed exposures have been performed with adult bivalves, no such work has been done with larvae which are generally more sensitive. This study examines whether dinoflagellates and bacteria may interactively affect the viability and immunological resilience of blue mussel Mytilus edulis larvae. Embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (100, 500, 2500 & 12,500 cells ml(-1)) of a dinoflagellate (Alexandrium minutum, Alexandrium ostenfeldii, Karenia mikimotoi, Protoceratium reticulatum, Prorocentrum cordatum, P. lima or P. micans), a known pathogen (Vibrio coralliilyticus/neptunius-like isolate or Vibrio splendidus; 10(5) CFU ml(-1)), or both. After five days of exposure, significant (p < 0.05) adverse effects on larval viability and larval development were found for all dinoflagellates (except P. cordatum) and V. splendidus. Yet, despite the individual effect of each stressor, no significant interactions were found between the pathogens and harmful algae. The larval viability and the phenoloxidase innate immune system responded independently to each stressor. This independence may be related to a differential timing of the effects of HABs and pathogens.
由于气候变化，有害藻华（HABs）和海洋病原体（如弧菌属）越来越常见。这些压力源会影响双壳贝类幼虫的生长、活力和发育。然而，对于这两种同时存在的压力源之间相互作用的可能性却知之甚少。虽然已经对成年双壳贝类进行了一些混合暴露实验，但对于通常更敏感的幼虫却没有开展此类研究。本研究探讨了甲藻和细菌是否可能交互影响蓝贻贝幼虫的活力和免疫恢复力。将胚胎暴露于环境相关浓度（100、500、2500和12500个细胞/毫升）的甲藻（微小亚历山大藻、奥氏亚历山大藻、米氏凯伦藻、网状原角藻、心形原甲藻、利马原甲藻或米氏原甲藻）、一种已知病原体（溶珊瑚弧菌/类海王星弧菌分离株或灿烂弧菌；10⁵CFU/毫升），或两者的组合中。暴露五天后，发现所有甲藻（心形原甲藻除外）和灿烂弧菌对幼虫活力和幼虫发育均有显著（p<0.05）的不利影响。然而，尽管每个压力源都有单独的作用，但未发现病原体和有害藻类之间存在显著的相互作用。幼虫活力和酚氧化酶先天免疫系统对每个压力源的反应是独立的。这种独立性可能与有害藻华和病原体影响的时间差异有关。
