Wang Ting, Wang Ning
School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 PlumHill Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China.
Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21(36):5245-55. doi: 10.2174/1381612821666150923100147.
Vaccination is the most cost-effective and the best prophylactic strategy for the treatment of many diseases and, therefore, is widely used to improve human health. However, currently, most vaccines are given by injection which has a number of intrinsic disadvantages, such as inoculation needing professionals, waste metal needle pollution and infection, and low vaccination compliance. To overcome these drawbacks, in the past two decades a variety of microneedles have been developed and these are increasingly being widely tried to deliver vaccines due to many prominent advantages, such as their convenience, and effectiveness, over other delivery systems. In particular, the biocompatible material-constituted microneedle arrays (bioMMAs) that are fabricated with biocompatible materials in the form of a matrix or formulated micro/nanoparticles, such as liposomes, PLA/PLGA/ chitosan nanoparticles, hydrogels, polyelectrolyte multiplelayers (PEMs), plasmids, and nonvirulent pathogens, have proven an effective and stable vaccine adjuvant-delivery system (VADS) allowing painless vaccination via the cutaneous or mucosal route by minimally trained workers or by self-administration. When given to mammals through the skin or oral mucosa where affluent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as Langerhans cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, are actively patrolling for immune surveillance, the bioMMAs can efficiently elicit robust systemic as well as mucosal immunoresponses against the loaded antigens. In addition, when different vaccine adjuvants, such as TLR (toll-like receptor) ligands, have been incorporated, the bioMMAs can govern and redirect the immunoresponse toward a Th1, Th2 or a mixed Th1/Th2 pathway to establish cellular and humoral immunity to the target pathogens. In this review, various types of bioMMAs used as a VADS are described to show the latest advances and their diverse uses and potential applications in vaccine-related fields.
疫苗接种是治疗多种疾病最具成本效益且最佳的预防策略，因此被广泛用于改善人类健康。然而，目前大多数疫苗通过注射给药，这存在许多内在缺点，例如接种需要专业人员、废弃金属针头污染和感染以及疫苗接种依从性低。为克服这些缺点，在过去二十年中已开发出多种微针，由于其相对于其他给药系统具有许多突出优点，如便利性和有效性，这些微针越来越多地被广泛尝试用于递送疫苗。特别是，由生物相容性材料构成的微针阵列（bioMMA），它们以基质形式或配制成微/纳米颗粒的生物相容性材料制造，如脂质体、聚乳酸/聚乙醇酸/壳聚糖纳米颗粒、水凝胶、聚电解质多层膜（PEM）、质粒和无毒病原体，已被证明是一种有效且稳定的疫苗佐剂递送系统（VADS），允许经过最少培训的工作人员或通过自我给药，经皮或经粘膜途径进行无痛疫苗接种。当通过皮肤或口腔粘膜给予哺乳动物时，丰富的专业抗原呈递细胞（APC），如朗格汉斯细胞、树突状细胞和巨噬细胞，会积极巡逻进行免疫监视，bioMMA可以有效地引发针对负载抗原的强大全身以及粘膜免疫反应。此外，当掺入不同的疫苗佐剂，如TLR（Toll样受体）配体时，bioMMA可以控制并将免疫反应重定向至Th1、Th2或混合的Th1/Th2途径，以建立针对目标病原体的细胞免疫和体液免疫。在本综述中，描述了用作VADS的各种类型的bioMMA，以展示其最新进展及其在疫苗相关领域的多样用途和潜在应用。
