Muñoz K, Schmidt-Heydt M, Stoll D, Diehl D, Ziegler J, Geisen R, Schaumann G E
Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany.
Department for Safety and Quality for Fruits and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Mycotoxin Res. 2015 Nov;31(4):191-201. doi: 10.1007/s12550-015-0231-9. Epub 2015 Sep 28.
Plastic mulching (PM) is widely used in modern agriculture because of its advantageous effects on soil temperature and water conservation, factors which strongly influence the microbiology of the soil. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of PM on mycotoxin occurrence in relation with mycobiome abundance/diversity and soil physicochemical properties. Soil samples were collected from green (GA) and white asparagus (WA) crops, the last under PM. Both crops were cultivated in a ridge-furrow-ridge system without irrigation. Samples were analyzed for mycotoxin occurrence via liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Total colony-forming unit was indicative of mycobiome abundance, and analysis of mycobiome diversity was performed by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. PM avoided the drop of soil temperature in winter and allowed higher soil temperature in early spring compared to non-covered soil. Moreover, the use of PM provided controlled conditions for water content in soil. This was enough to generate a dissimilar mycotoxin occurrence and mycobiome diversity/abundance in covered and non-covered soil. Mycotoxin soil contamination was confirmed for deoxynivalenol (DON), range LOD to 32.1 ng/g (LOD = 1.1 ng/g). The DON values were higher under PM (average 16.9 ± 10.1 ng/g) than in non-covered soil (9.1 ± 7.9 ng/g); however, this difference was not statically significant (p = 0.09). Mycobiome analysis showed a fungal compartment up to fivefold higher in soil under PM compared to GA. The diversity of the mycobiome varied between crops and also along the soil column, with an important dominance of Fusarium species at the root zone in covered soils.
塑料地膜覆盖（PM）在现代农业中被广泛应用，因为它对土壤温度和水分保持具有有利影响，而这些因素会强烈影响土壤微生物群落。本研究的目的是评估塑料地膜覆盖对霉菌毒素产生的影响，以及与真菌群落丰度/多样性和土壤理化性质的关系。从种植绿芦笋（GA）和白芦笋（WA）的地块采集土壤样本，白芦笋地块采用了塑料地膜覆盖。两种作物均种植在垄沟垄系统中，且不进行灌溉。通过液相色谱-高分辨率质谱联用（LC-HRMS）分析样本中的霉菌毒素产生情况。总菌落形成单位代表真菌群落丰度，通过内转录间隔区（ITS）测序进行真菌群落多样性分析。与未覆盖土壤相比，塑料地膜覆盖避免了冬季土壤温度下降，并使早春土壤温度更高。此外，塑料地膜覆盖为土壤水分含量提供了可控条件。这足以在覆盖和未覆盖土壤中产生不同的霉菌毒素产生情况以及真菌群落多样性/丰度。已确认脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）存在土壤污染，含量范围为检测限至32.1 ng/g（检测限=1.1 ng/g）。塑料地膜覆盖下的DON值（平均16.9±10.1 ng/g）高于未覆盖土壤（9.1±7.9 ng/g）；然而，这种差异无统计学意义（p = 0.09）。真菌群落分析表明，与绿芦笋地块相比，塑料地膜覆盖下土壤中的真菌区室高出五倍。真菌群落的多样性在不同作物之间以及沿土壤柱也有所不同，在覆盖土壤的根区镰刀菌属占主导地位。
