iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, University Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany.
iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Organic and Ecological Chemistry, University Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany.
Mycotoxin Res. 2022 May;38(2):93-105. doi: 10.1007/s12550-022-00451-5. Epub 2022 Mar 22.
The production of mycotoxins is often interpreted as fungal response to cope with unfavorable growth conditions induced by toxic substances, environmental and biological factors. Soil covers influence soil environment, which consequently can change the abundance and composition of microbial communities. We investigated how plastic coverage (PC) influence soil fungi and mycotoxin occurrence (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone) compared to the traditional straw coverage (SC) in dependence of soil depth and time in a 3-year field experiment in strawberry cultivation. In total, 300 soil samples, resulting from two treatments, three soil layers, and ten sampling dates (n = 5), were analyzed for mycotoxins and ergosterol (proxy for soil fungal biomass) with liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-detection, respectively. The modified microclimate under PC had no significant influence on fungal biomass, whereas SC promoted fungal biomass in the topsoil due to C-input. Mycotoxins were detected under both cover types in concentrations between 0.3 and 21.8 µg kg, mainly during strawberry establishment period and after fungicide application. Deoxynivalenol had the highest detection frequency with 26.3% (nivalenol: 8.3%, zearalenone: 8.7%). This study confirmed the in situ production of mycotoxins in soil, which seems mainly triggered by field treatment (fungicide application) and plant growth stage (establishment period) rather than on mulching type. Further investigations are necessary to better understand the influence of different agricultural practices and soil types on the production and fate of mycotoxins.
真菌毒素的产生通常被解释为真菌应对有毒物质、环境和生物因素诱导的不利生长条件的一种反应。土壤覆盖物会影响土壤环境，从而改变微生物群落的丰度和组成。我们研究了与传统的秸秆覆盖（SC）相比，塑料覆盖（PC）如何影响土壤真菌和真菌毒素的发生（脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮），这取决于草莓种植的 3 年田间试验中土壤深度和时间。在总共 300 个土壤样本中，来自两种处理方式、三层土壤和十个采样日期（n=5）的样本，用液相色谱高分辨质谱法和高效液相色谱法与紫外检测法分析真菌毒素和麦角固醇（土壤真菌生物量的替代物）。PC 下的改良微气候对真菌生物量没有显著影响，而 SC 由于 C 输入促进了表土中的真菌生物量。在两种覆盖类型下都检测到了真菌毒素，浓度在 0.3 到 21.8μgkg 之间，主要在草莓定植期和施药后。脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的检出频率最高，为 26.3%（雪腐镰刀菌烯醇：8.3%，玉米赤霉烯酮：8.7%）。本研究证实了土壤中真菌毒素的原位产生，这似乎主要是由田间处理（施药）和植物生长阶段（定植期）触发的，而不是由覆盖类型触发的。需要进一步的研究来更好地了解不同农业实践和土壤类型对真菌毒素产生和命运的影响。
