Ramaswamy Suresh, Weinbauer Gerhard F
Center for Research in Reproductive Physiology (CRRP); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute ; Pittsburgh, PA USA.
Early Development; Covance Laboratories GmbH ; Muenster, Germany.
Spermatogenesis. 2015 Jan 26;4(2):e996025. doi: 10.1080/21565562.2014.996025. eCollection 2014 May-Aug.
Evaluation of testicular functions (production of sperm and androgens) is an important aspect of preclinical safety assessment and testicular toxicity is comparatively far more common than ovarian toxicity. This chapter focuses (1) on the histological sequelae of disturbed reproductive endocrinology in rat, dog and nonhuman primates and (2) provides a review of our current understanding of the roles of gonadotropins and androgens. The response of the rodent testis to endocrine disturbances is clearly different from that of dog and primates with different germ cell types and spermatogenic stages being affected initially and also that the end-stage spermatogenic involution is more pronounced in dog and primates compared to rodents. Luteinizing hormone (LH)/testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are the pivotal endocrine factors controlling testicular functions. The relative importance of either hormone is somewhat different between rodents and primates. Generally, however, both LH/testosterone and FSH are necessary for quantitatively normal spermatogenesis, at least in non-seasonal species.
睾丸功能评估（精子和雄激素的产生）是临床前安全性评估的一个重要方面，而且睾丸毒性比卵巢毒性更为常见。本章重点关注：（1）大鼠、犬和非人灵长类动物生殖内分泌紊乱的组织学后遗症；（2）综述我们目前对促性腺激素和雄激素作用的理解。啮齿动物睾丸对内分泌紊乱的反应明显不同于犬和灵长类动物，不同类型的生殖细胞和生精阶段最初受到影响，而且与啮齿动物相比，犬和灵长类动物的终末期生精退化更为明显。黄体生成素（LH）/睾酮和促卵泡激素（FSH）是控制睾丸功能的关键内分泌因子。这两种激素的相对重要性在啮齿动物和灵长类动物之间略有不同。然而，一般来说，LH/睾酮和FSH对于定量正常的精子发生都是必需的，至少在非季节性物种中是如此。
