European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal.
Addiction. 2016 Jan;111(1):34-48. doi: 10.1111/add.13056. Epub 2015 Sep 30.
A central task for the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is to produce an annual report of the latest data available on drug demand and drug supply in Europe. This paper is intended to facilitate a better understanding of, and easier access to, the main quantitative European level data sets available in 2015.
The European reporting system formally covers all 28 European Union (EU) Member States, Norway and Turkey and incorporates multiple indicators alongside an early warning system (EWS) on uncontrolled new psychoactive substances (NPS). While epidemiological information is based largely on registries, surveys and other routine data reported annually, the EWS collects case-based data on an ongoing basis. The 2015 reporting exercise is centred primarily on a set of standardized reporting tools.
The most recent data provided by European countries are presented, including data on drug use, drug-related morbidity and mortality, treatment demand, drug markets and new psychoactive substances, with data tables provided and methodological information. A number of key results are highlighted for illustrative purposes. Drug prevalence estimates from national surveys since 2012 (last year prevalence of use among the 15-34 age band) range from 0.4% in Turkey to 22.1% in France for cannabis, from 0.2% in Greece and Romania to 4.2% in the United Kingdom for cocaine, from 0.1% in Italy and Turkey to 3% in the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom for ecstasy, and from 0.1% or less in Romania, Italy and Portugal to 2.5% in Estonia for amphetamine. Declining trends in new HIV detections among people who inject drugs are illustrated, in addition to presentation of a breakdown of NPS reported to the EU early warning system, which have risen exponentially from fewer than 20 a year between 2005 and 2008, to 101 reported in 2014.
Structured information is now available on patterns and trends in drug consumption in Europe, which permits triangulation of data from different sources and consideration of methodological limitations. Opioid drugs continue to place a burden on the drug treatment system, although both new heroin entrants and injecting show declines. More than 450 new psychoactive substances are now monitored by the European early warning system with 31 new synthetic cathinones and 30 new synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists notified in 2014.
欧洲毒品和毒瘾监测中心（EMCDDA）的一项中心任务是编制一份年度报告，提供欧洲毒品需求和供应方面的最新数据。本文旨在帮助更好地理解和更方便地获取 2015 年提供的主要欧洲层面定量数据集。
欧洲报告系统正式涵盖所有 28 个欧盟（EU）成员国、挪威和土耳其，并结合了多个指标和一个关于不受管制的新精神活性物质（NPS）的早期预警系统（EWS）。虽然流行病学信息主要基于每年报告的登记处、调查和其他常规数据，但 EWS 则持续收集基于案例的数据。2015 年的报告工作主要以一套标准化报告工具为中心。
提供了欧洲国家的最新数据，包括毒品使用、与毒品相关的发病率和死亡率、治疗需求、毒品市场和新精神活性物质的数据表和方法信息。为了说明问题，突出了一些关键结果。自 2012 年以来（过去一年 15-34 岁年龄组的使用率）国家调查提供的毒品流行率估计值范围从土耳其的 0.4%到法国的 22.1%，从希腊和罗马尼亚的 0.2%到英国的 4.2%，从意大利和土耳其的 0.1%到捷克共和国和英国的 3%，从罗马尼亚、意大利和葡萄牙的 0.1%或更低到爱沙尼亚的 2.5%。除了报告给欧盟早期预警系统的 NPS 分类之外，还说明了新发现的艾滋病毒在注射毒品者中的比例下降的趋势，2005 年至 2008 年期间，每年报告的 NPS 不到 20 起，到 2014 年则上升到 101 起。
现在可以获得关于欧洲毒品消费模式和趋势的结构化信息，这允许对来自不同来源的数据进行三角测量，并考虑方法学限制。阿片类药物继续给毒品治疗系统带来负担，尽管新的海洛因使用者和注射者的数量都有所下降。欧洲早期预警系统现在监测着 450 多种新精神活性物质，2014 年通报了 31 种新合成苯丙胺和 30 种新合成大麻素受体激动剂。
