Hull Ruth N, Luoma Samuel N, Bayne Bruce A, Iliff John, Larkin Daniel J, Paschke Mark W, Victor Sasha L, Ward Sara E
Intrinsik Environmental Sciences, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2016 Apr;12(2):296-305. doi: 10.1002/ieam.1714. Epub 2015 Dec 3.
Ecosystem restoration planning near the beginning of the site assessment and management process ("early integration") involves consideration of restoration goals from the outset in developing solutions for contaminated ecosystems. There are limitations to integration that stem from institutional barriers, few successful precedents, and limited availability of guidance. Challenges occur in integrating expertise from various disciplines and multiple, sometimes divergent interests and goals. The more complex process can result in timing, capacity, communication, and collaboration challenges. On the other hand, integrating the 2 approaches presents new and creative opportunities. For example, integration allows early planning for expanding ecosystem services on or near contaminated lands or waters that might otherwise have been unaddressed by remediation alone. Integrated plans can explicitly pursue ecosystem services that have market value, which can add to funds for long-term monitoring and management. Early integration presents opportunities for improved and productive collaboration and coordination between ecosystem restoration and contaminant assessment and management. Examples exist where early integration facilitates liability resolution and generates positive public relations. Restoration planning and implementation before the completion of the contaminated site assessment, remediation, or management process ("early restoration") can facilitate coordination with offsite restoration options and a regional approach to restoration of contaminated environments. Integration of performance monitoring, for both remedial and restoration actions, can save resources and expand the interpretive power of results. Early integration may aid experimentation, which may be more feasible on contaminated lands than in many other situations. The potential application of concepts and tools from adaptive management is discussed as a way of avoiding pitfalls and achieving benefits in early integration. In any case, there will be challenges with early integration of restoration concepts for contaminated ecosystems, but the benefits are likely to outweigh them.
在场地评估和管理过程开始时进行生态系统恢复规划（“早期整合”），意味着在为受污染生态系统制定解决方案时，从一开始就要考虑恢复目标。整合存在一些限制，这些限制源于制度障碍、成功先例较少以及指导资源有限。在整合来自不同学科的专业知识以及多个有时相互矛盾的利益和目标时会出现挑战。更复杂的过程可能会导致时间安排、能力、沟通和协作方面的挑战。另一方面，整合这两种方法会带来新的和创造性的机会。例如，整合允许早期规划在受污染的土地或水域上或附近扩展生态系统服务，否则仅靠修复可能无法解决这些问题。综合规划可以明确追求具有市场价值的生态系统服务，这可以为长期监测和管理增加资金。早期整合为生态系统恢复与污染物评估和管理之间改善和富有成效的协作与协调提供了机会。存在一些早期整合促进责任解决并产生积极公共关系的例子。在受污染场地评估、修复或管理过程完成之前进行恢复规划和实施（“早期恢复”），可以促进与场外恢复选项的协调以及对受污染环境恢复采取区域方法。将性能监测整合到修复和恢复行动中，可以节省资源并扩大结果的解释力。早期整合可能有助于进行试验，这在受污染土地上可能比在许多其他情况下更可行。讨论了适应性管理概念和工具的潜在应用，作为在早期整合中避免陷阱并实现效益的一种方式。无论如何，将恢复概念早期整合到受污染生态系统中会面临挑战，但好处可能超过挑战。
