Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
Glob Chang Biol. 2016 Feb;22(2):494-512. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13107. Epub 2016 Jan 6.
Recent patterns of global change have highlighted the importance of understanding the dynamics and mechanisms of species range shifts and expansions. Unique demographic features, spatial processes, and selective pressures can result in the accumulation and evolution of distinctive phenotypic traits at the leading edges of expansions. We review the characteristics of expanding range margins and highlight possible mechanisms for the appearance of phenotypic differences between individuals at the leading edge and core of the range. The development of life history traits that increase dispersal or reproductive ability is predicted by theory and supported with extensive empirical evidence. Many examples of rapid phenotypic change are associated with trade-offs that may influence the persistence of the trait once expansion ends. Accounting for the effects of edge phenotypes and related trade-offs could be critical for predicting the spread of invasive species and population responses to climate change.
近年来的全球变化模式凸显了理解物种分布范围转移和扩张的动态和机制的重要性。独特的人口特征、空间过程和选择压力会导致在扩张的前沿积累和进化出独特的表型特征。我们回顾了扩展范围边缘的特征，并强调了在分布范围的前沿和核心个体之间出现表型差异的可能机制。理论预测并广泛的实证证据支持，增加扩散或繁殖能力的生活史特征的发展。许多快速表型变化的例子与权衡有关，这可能会影响扩张结束后特征的持久性。考虑边缘表型和相关权衡的影响对于预测入侵物种的传播和种群对气候变化的反应可能至关重要。
