Borgnakke Wenche S
Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University Avenue, Room# G049, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA.
Dent Clin North Am. 2015 Oct;59(4):885-917. doi: 10.1016/j.cden.2015.06.007.
Periodontal diseases are the most common human diseases globally, with gingivitis affecting up to 90% and periodontitis affecting 50% of adults. Tooth enamel is the only nonshedding tissue in the human body. In the absence of proper oral hygiene measures, microbial biofilm (dental plaque) develops on the teeth to include more than 700 different bacterial species, along with viruses, fungi, archea, and parasites. With time, ecological imbalances promote the growth of selected commensal species that induce host inflammatory pathways resulting in tissue destruction, including ulceration of the periodontal epithelium.
牙周疾病是全球最常见的人类疾病，牙龈炎影响高达90%的成年人，牙周炎影响50%的成年人。牙釉质是人体唯一不会脱落的组织。在缺乏适当口腔卫生措施的情况下，牙齿上会形成微生物生物膜（牙菌斑），其中包括700多种不同的细菌物种，以及病毒、真菌、古细菌和寄生虫。随着时间的推移，生态失衡会促进某些共生菌的生长，这些细菌会诱导宿主炎症途径，导致组织破坏，包括牙周上皮溃疡。
