Trubitsyn Alexander G
Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 100- letiya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
Curr Aging Sci. 2015;8(3):220-6. doi: 10.2174/1874609808666151002111632.
The nature of the life-extending effect of calorie restriction (CR) is an unsolved problem in biology since 30 years of the last century. Furthermore, many different factors that cause analogous life-extending effect, so called CR-mimetic factors, have been found. They increase the lifespan of different animal species (repeatedly in invertebrates) and therefore remain in the forefront of anti-aging researches. The aims of this paper is to find an overarching solution for the nature of CR and all CR-mimetic factors and to analyze the consequences following this phenomenon.
The analysis of empirical scientific data, which concern aging process and boundary areas from the point of view of the bioenergetics theory of aging.
"Anything that affects a living system that slows (accelerates) the rate of cell division entails extending (reducing) life duration" is this overarching solution. CR is one of such factors that cause a retardation in the rate of cell divisions due to the shortage in 'construction materials' necessary for doubling cell mass during reduplication. This put a brake on realization of the aging program. To draw this conclusion, a new concept of the proliferative aging clock based on bioenergetics theory of aging was put forward. This clock governs the rate of the aging process via programmed, proliferative dependent and stepwise bioenergetics decline.
The mechanism of the life-extending effect of CR and CR-mimetic factors is not related to that of natural aging, therefore this unable to be the basis for elaboration of radical remedy for senescence. However, both the CR and some of CR-mimetic factors can undoubtedly lead to human life extension: our organism differs from that of the other mammals only slightly. It is the wellbeing and vulnerability of such extended life that are under consideration. To achieve a healthy and unlimited life it is necessary to reprogram gene expression so that cell bioenergetics levels either remain at a previous level after cell division, which will stop aging, or else grow, which will result in organism rejuvenation.
自上世纪30年代以来，热量限制（CR）延长寿命的本质一直是生物学中一个尚未解决的问题。此外，人们还发现了许多能产生类似延长寿命效果的不同因素，即所谓的CR模拟因子。它们能延长不同动物物种的寿命（在无脊椎动物中多次得到验证），因此一直处于抗衰老研究的前沿。本文旨在找到一个关于CR及所有CR模拟因子本质的总体解决方案，并分析这一现象带来的后果。
从衰老的生物能量学理论角度，对有关衰老过程及边缘领域的实证科学数据进行分析。
“任何影响生命系统并减缓（加速）细胞分裂速度的因素都会延长（缩短）寿命”，这就是总体解决方案。CR是由于细胞复制过程中加倍细胞质量所需的“建筑材料”短缺而导致细胞分裂速度减缓的因素之一。这抑制了衰老程序的实现。为得出这一结论，基于衰老的生物能量学理论提出了增殖衰老时钟的新概念。这个时钟通过程序化、增殖依赖且逐步的生物能量下降来控制衰老过程的速度。
CR和CR模拟因子延长寿命的机制与自然衰老的机制无关，因此无法作为开发衰老根治方法的基础。然而，CR和一些CR模拟因子无疑都能延长人类寿命：我们的机体与其他哺乳动物的机体仅有细微差别。需要考虑的是这种延长寿命后的健康状况和易损性。要实现健康且无限的寿命，有必要对基因表达进行重新编程，以使细胞生物能量水平在细胞分裂后要么保持在先前水平，从而阻止衰老，要么增长，从而实现机体年轻化。
