Ottsen Christina Lundsgaard, Berntsen Dorthe
Center on Autobiographical Memory Research - CON AMORE, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 9, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
Conscious Cogn. 2015 Dec;37:180-93. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.09.007. Epub 2015 Sep 29.
Mental time travel is the ability to remember past events and imagine future events. Here, 124 Middle Easterners and 128 Scandinavians generated important past and future events. These different societies present a unique opportunity to examine effects of culture. Findings indicate stronger influence of normative schemas and greater use of mental time travel to teach, inform and direct behaviour in the Middle East compared with Scandinavia. The Middle Easterners generated more events that corresponded to their cultural life script and that contained religious words, whereas the Scandinavians reported events with a more positive mood impact. Effects of gender were mainly found in the Middle East. Main effects of time orientation largely replicated recent findings showing that simulation of future and past events are not necessarily parallel processes. In accordance with the notion that future simulations rely on schema-based construction, important future events showed a higher overlap with life script events than past events in both cultures. In general, cross-cultural discrepancies were larger in future compared with past events. Notably, the high focus in the Middle East on sharing future events to give cultural guidance is consistent with the increased adherence to normative scripts found in this culture.
心理时间旅行是指记住过去事件并想象未来事件的能力。在此，124名中东人和128名斯堪的纳维亚人列举了重要的过去和未来事件。这些不同的社会提供了一个研究文化影响的独特机会。研究结果表明，与斯堪的纳维亚相比，规范模式在中东地区的影响更强，人们更多地利用心理时间旅行来教导、告知和指导行为。中东人列举了更多符合其文化生活脚本且包含宗教词汇的事件，而斯堪的纳维亚人报告的事件具有更积极的情绪影响。性别差异主要在中东地区被发现。时间取向的主要影响在很大程度上重复了最近的研究结果，即对未来和过去事件的模拟不一定是平行过程。根据未来模拟依赖基于模式构建的观点，在两种文化中，重要的未来事件与生活脚本事件的重叠程度都高于过去事件。总体而言，与过去事件相比，未来的跨文化差异更大。值得注意的是，中东地区对分享未来事件以提供文化指导的高度重视与该文化中对规范脚本的更强遵循是一致的。
