State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2016 Jan 15;541:551-558. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.120. Epub 2015 Oct 3.
Increasing amount of pesticide has been used in Chinese agricultural system with effects on environmental quality and human health. The comprehensive inventory of pesticide use in six main crop categories over the period from 1990 to 2011 in China was conducted. The national average pesticide use intensity was estimated 1.74k g · ha(-1) for grain crops in paddy land, 1.31 kg · ha(-1) for grain crops in dry land, 1.38 kg · ha(-1) for economic crops, 3.82 kg · ha(-1) for vegetables, 1.54 kg · ha(-1) for tea plantations, and 3.49 kg · ha(-1) for orchards. The pesticide use was estimated to be approximately 5.24 × 10(4)t for grain crops in paddy land, 1.05 × 10(5)t for grain crops in dry land, 3.08 × 10(4)t for economic crops, 7.51 × 10(4)t for vegetables, 3.26 × 10(3)t for tea plantations, and 4.13 × 10(4)t for orchards. Based on the pesticide use and loss coefficients for each category, the distribution of pesticide loss in China was calculated. Total pesticide loss in China was estimated about 4.39 × 10(3)t in 2011. The pesticide loss from six main crop categories was about 14.84% for grain crops in paddy land of total pesticide loss, 33.31% for grain crops in dry land, 10.47% for economic crops, 26.37% for vegetables, 1.08% for tea plantations and 13.93% for orchards. The results indicated that the highest pesticide use intensity and highest pesticide loss rate occurred in China's eastern and central provinces. The Monte Carlo simulation was used to quantify the uncertainties associated with estimation of pesticide use and loss rate for the six types of crops. The potential risk to national water quality was assessed and the water in the provinces of Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Beijing and Shanghai was at high risk for pesticide pollution. The implication for the future agricultural and environmental policies on reducing the risk to environmental quality was also summarized.
中国农业系统中使用的农药量不断增加，这对环境质量和人类健康产生了影响。本研究对 1990 年至 2011 年期间中国六大主要作物类别中农药使用情况进行了综合清查。估计全国稻田谷物作物的农药使用强度为 1.74 千克/公顷，旱地谷物作物为 1.31 千克/公顷，经济作物为 1.38 千克/公顷，蔬菜为 3.82 千克/公顷，茶园为 1.54 千克/公顷，果园为 3.49 千克/公顷。估计稻田谷物作物的农药使用量约为 524000 吨，旱地谷物作物为 1050000 吨，经济作物为 308000 吨，蔬菜为 751000 吨，茶园为 32600 吨，果园为 413000 吨。基于每种类别农药使用量和损失系数，计算了中国农药损失的分布情况。2011 年中国农药总损失估计约为 43900 吨。六大主要作物类别的农药损失约占农药总损失的 14.84%，其中水田谷物作物占 33.31%，旱地谷物作物占 10.47%，经济作物占 26.37%，蔬菜占 26.37%，茶园占 1.08%，果园占 13.93%。结果表明，中国东部和中部省份的农药使用强度最高，农药损失率也最高。采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法量化了六种作物农药使用量和损失率估计的不确定性。评估了对国家水质的潜在风险，结果表明河南、山东、河北、北京和上海等省的水质存在农药污染的高风险。还总结了减少对环境质量风险的未来农业和环境政策的意义。
