van Nouhuys Saskya, Niemikapee Suvi, Hanski Ilkka
Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), University of Helsinki, FI 00014, Finland.
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Insects. 2012 Dec 5;3(4):1236-56. doi: 10.3390/insects3041236.
Antagonistic relationships between parasitoids and their insect hosts involve multiple traits and are shaped by their ecological and evolutionary context. The parasitoid wasp Cotesia melitaearum and its host butterfly Melitaea cinxia occur in several locations around the Baltic sea, with differences in landscape structure, population sizes and the histories of the populations. We compared the virulence of the parasitoid and the susceptibility of the host from five populations in a reciprocal transplant-style experiment using the progeny of five independent host and parasitoid individuals from each population. The host populations showed significant differences in the rate of encapsulation and parasitoid development rate. The parasitoid populations differed in brood size, development rate, pupal size and adult longevity. Some trait differences depended on specific host-parasitoid combinations, but neither species performed systematically better or worse in experiments involving local versus non-local populations of the other species. Furthermore, individuals from host populations with the most recent common ancestry did not perform alike, and there was no negative effect due to a history of inbreeding in the parasitoid. The complex pattern of variation in the traits related to the vulnerability of the host and the ability of the parasitoid to exploit the host may reflect multiple functions of the traits that would hinder simple local adaptation.
寄生蜂与其昆虫宿主之间的拮抗关系涉及多种特征，并受其生态和进化背景的影响。寄生蜂黄蜂Cotesia melitaearum及其宿主蝴蝶Melitaea cinxia分布在波罗的海周围的几个地方，在景观结构、种群大小和种群历史方面存在差异。我们在一项相互移植式实验中，使用来自每个种群的五个独立宿主和寄生蜂个体的后代，比较了来自五个种群的寄生蜂的毒力和宿主的易感性。宿主种群在包囊形成率和寄生蜂发育率上表现出显著差异。寄生蜂种群在窝卵数、发育率、蛹大小和成虫寿命方面存在差异。一些特征差异取决于特定的宿主 - 寄生蜂组合，但在涉及对方物种本地种群与非本地种群的实验中，两个物种都没有系统地表现得更好或更差。此外，具有最近共同祖先的宿主种群个体表现并不相同，并且寄生蜂的近亲繁殖历史也没有产生负面影响。与宿主易感性和寄生蜂利用宿主能力相关的特征的复杂变异模式可能反映了这些特征的多种功能，这会阻碍简单的局部适应。
