Variation in Parasitoid Virulence of during the Targeting of Two Host Beetles.

In host-parasitoid interactions, antagonistic relationship drives parasitoids to vary in virulence in facing different hosts, which makes these systems excellent models for stress-induced evolutionary studies. Venom compositions varied between two strains of , Tb-Bl and Tb-On. Tb-Bl targets pupae as hosts, and Tb-On is a sub-population of Tb-Bl, which has been experimentally adapted to a new host, . Aiming to examine variation in parasitoid virulence of the two strains toward two hosts, we used reciprocal injection experiments to compare effect of venom/ovarian fluids from the two strains on cytotoxicity, inhibition of immunity and fat body lysis of the two hosts. We found that Tb-Onvenom was more virulent towards plasmatocyte spreading, granulocyte function and phenoloxidase activity than Tb-Blvenom. Tb-Blovary was able to suppress encapsulation and phagocytosis in both hosts; however, Tb-Onovary inhibition targeted only . Our data suggest that the venom undergoes rapid evolution when facing different hosts, and that the wasp has good evolutionary plasticity.