Center of Study of the Meridional Amazon, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil; INRA, UR1037 LPGP, Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France.
Laboratory of Theoretical Ecology and Synthesis, Department of Ecology, Federal University of Goiás, CP. 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Brazil.
Trends Ecol Evol. 2015 Dec;30(12):755-765. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.09.010. Epub 2015 Oct 17.
Tourism can be deleterious for wildlife because it triggers behavioral changes in individuals with cascading effects on populations and communities. Among these behavioral changes, animals around humans often reduce their fearfulness and antipredator responses towards humans. A straightforward prediction is that habituation to humans associated with tourism would negatively influence reaction to predators. This could happen indirectly, where human presence decreases the number of natural predators and thus prey become less wary, or directly, where human-habituated individuals become bolder and thus more vulnerable to predation. Building on ideas from the study of traits associated with domestication and urbanization, we develop a framework to understand how behavioral changes associated with nature-based tourism can impact individual fitness, and thus the demographic trajectory of a population.
旅游业可能对野生动物有害，因为它会引发个体的行为变化，从而对种群和群落产生级联效应。在这些行为变化中，人类周围的动物往往会降低对人类的恐惧和防御反应。一个直接的预测是，与旅游业相关的对人类的习惯化会对捕食者的反应产生负面影响。这种情况可能是间接发生的，即人类的存在减少了自然捕食者的数量，从而使猎物变得不那么警惕；也可能是直接发生的，即习惯了人类的个体变得更大胆，从而更容易受到捕食。基于与驯化和城市化相关的特征研究的想法，我们制定了一个框架来理解与自然为基础的旅游业相关的行为变化如何影响个体的适应度，从而影响种群的人口轨迹。
