Voelker Gary, Huntley Jerry W, Peñalba Joshua V, Bowie Rauri C K
Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2016 Jan;94(Pt B):618-625. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.09.026. Epub 2015 Oct 22.
Muscicapa flycatchers and their allies (Bradornis, Dioptornis, Empidornis, Fraseria, Myioparus, Namibornis, and Sigelus) are widely distributed in Africa, Europe and Asia. This broad distribution and the wide variety of habitats occupied by the group, ranging from arid to tropical forests, presents an interesting opportunity to explore the evolution of biogeographic patterns and habitat associations. Sequence data (up to 3310 base pairs from two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes) were generated for 36 of 42 species which comprise the assemblage. Complementary data from an additional species was retrieved from GenBank, as was an additional gene which was available for 21 of our included taxa. Using model-based phylogenetic methods and molecular clock dating, we constructed a time-calibrated molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the lineage. Ancestral area reconstructions were performed on the phylogeny using LaGrange and BioGeoBEARS. Our results indicate that Bradornis, Fraseria, and Muscicapa are each non-monophyletic, with the latter being shown to comprise five separate clades each more closely related to other genera. Two new genera (Chapinia and Ripleyia) are erected to account for these results. Muscicapa and allies originated c. 7.4 Ma, most likely in Africa given that their sister lineage is almost entirely from there, and rapidly achieved a Eurasian distribution by c. 7.1 Ma. A second divergence at c. 6.1 Ma resulted in two clades. The first is a largely Eurasian clade that subsequently recolonized Africa, perhaps as the result of the loss of migration. The second is an African clade, and ancestral reconstructions suggest a Congolian (e.g. tropical forest) origin for this clade, with several subsequent diversifications into more arid habitats. This is a unique result, as most tropical forest lineages are confined to that habitat. As with other studies of African bird lineages, Afrotropical forest dynamics appear to have played a significant role in driving diversification in Muscicapa and allies, and our results include just the second recorded case of southern to northern African colonization patterns.
鹟及其近缘属（布拉多氏鹟属、狄奥普托氏鹟属、恩皮多氏鹟属、弗拉氏鹟属、米奥帕鲁斯鹟属、纳米比亚鹟属和西盖勒斯鹟属）广泛分布于非洲、欧洲和亚洲。该类群分布广泛，占据从干旱地区到热带森林等多种多样的栖息地，这为探索生物地理模式和栖息地关联的演化提供了一个有趣的机会。我们为构成该类群的42个物种中的36个生成了序列数据（来自两个线粒体基因和两个核基因，长达3310个碱基对）。从GenBank中检索了另外一个物种的补充数据，以及另外一个可用于我们所包含的21个分类单元的基因。我们使用基于模型的系统发育方法和分子钟定年法，构建了该谱系的时间校准分子系统发育假说。利用拉格朗日法和生物地理BEARS法对系统发育树进行了祖先分布区重建。我们的结果表明，布拉多氏鹟属、弗拉氏鹟属和鹟属各自都不是单系的，其中鹟属被证明由五个独立的分支组成，每个分支与其他属的关系更为密切。为解释这些结果，新设立了两个属（查平氏鹟属和里普利氏鹟属）。鹟及其近缘属起源于约740万年前，鉴于它们的姐妹谱系几乎全部来自非洲，很可能起源于非洲，并在约710万年前迅速实现了在欧亚大陆的分布。在约610万年前的第二次分化产生了两个分支。第一个是主要分布在欧亚大陆的分支，该分支随后可能由于迁徙能力丧失而重新殖民非洲。第二个是非洲分支，祖先分布区重建表明该分支起源于刚果地区（如热带森林），随后有几次分化进入更干旱的栖息地。这是一个独特的结果，因为大多数热带森林谱系都局限于该栖息地。与其他对非洲鸟类谱系的研究一样，非洲热带森林动态似乎在推动鹟及其近缘属的多样化方面发挥了重要作用，我们的结果是记录到的第二个从非洲南部到北部的殖民模式案例。
