Chemistry Department of Science and Technology School, Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal; ICAAM - Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Évora University, Portugal.
Chemistry Department of Science and Technology School, Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2016 Jan 15;541:1372-1381. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.046. Epub 2015 Nov 11.
An approach to reduce the contamination of water sources with pesticides is the use of biopurificaction systems. The active core of these systems is the biomixture. The composition of biomixtures depends on the availability of local agro-industrial wastes and design should be adapted to every region. In Portugal, cork processing is generally regarded as environmentally friendly and would be interesting to find applications for its industry residues. In this work the potential use of different substrates in biomixtures, as cork (CBX); cork and straw, coat pine and LECA (Light Expanded Clay Aggregates), was tested on the degradation of terbuthylazine, difenoconazole, diflufenican and pendimethalin pesticides. Bioaugmentation strategies using the white-rot fungus Lentinula edodes inoculated into the CBX, was also assessed. The results obtained from this study clearly demonstrated the relevance of using natural biosorbents as cork residues to increase the capacity of pesticide dissipation in biomixtures for establishing biobeds. Furthermore, higher degradation of all the pesticides was achieved by use of bioaugmented biomixtures. Indeed, the biomixtures inoculated with L. edodes EL1 were able to mineralize the selected xenobiotics, revelling that these white-rot fungi might be a suitable fungus for being used as inoculum sources in on-farm sustainable biopurification system, in order to increase its degradation efficiency. After 120 days, maximum degradation of terbuthylazine, difenoconazole, diflufenican and pendimethalin, of bioaugmented CBX, was 89.9%, 75.0%, 65.0% and 99.4%, respectively.. The dominant metabolic route of terbuthylazine in biomixtures inoculated with L. edodes EL1 proceeded mainly via hydroxylation, towards production of terbuthylazine-hydroxy-2 metabolite. Finally, sorption process to cork by pesticides proved to be a reversible process, working cork as a mitigating factor reducing the toxicity to microorganisms in the biomixture, especially in the early stages.
一种减少水源中农药污染的方法是使用生物净化系统。这些系统的活性核心是生物混合物。生物混合物的组成取决于当地农业工业废物的可用性，并且设计应适应每个地区。在葡萄牙，软木加工通常被认为是环保的，并且寻找其工业废料的应用将很有趣。在这项工作中，测试了不同基质在生物混合物中的潜在用途，如软木（CBX）；软木和秸秆、松树皮和 LECA（轻质膨胀粘土骨料），用于降解特丁津、噻呋酰胺、氟嘧菌酯和二甲戊灵农药。还评估了通过接种白腐真菌香菇（Lentinula edodes）进行生物增强的生物增强策略。本研究的结果清楚地表明，使用天然生物吸附剂作为软木残留物来提高生物混合物中农药消散的能力对于建立生物床是很重要的。此外，通过使用生物增强生物混合物，可以实现所有农药的更高降解。事实上，用 L. edodes EL1 接种的生物混合物能够矿化所选的外来化合物，表明这些白腐真菌可能是一种合适的真菌，可作为农场可持续生物净化系统中的接种源，以提高其降解效率。在 120 天后，生物增强 CBX 中特丁津、噻呋酰胺、氟嘧菌酯和二甲戊灵的最大降解率分别为 89.9%、75.0%、65.0%和 99.4%。在接种香菇 EL1 的生物混合物中，特丁津的主要代谢途径主要通过羟化进行，生成特丁津-羟基-2 代谢物。最后，农药对软木的吸附过程被证明是一个可逆的过程，软木作为一种减轻因素，降低了生物混合物中微生物的毒性，尤其是在早期阶段。
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