青少年大量饮酒不影响基本执行功能的成熟：TRAILS研究的纵向结果。
Adolescent Heavy Drinking Does Not Affect Maturation of Basic Executive Functioning: Longitudinal Findings from the TRAILS Study.
作者信息
Boelema Sarai R, Harakeh Zeena, van Zandvoort Martine J E, Reijneveld Sijmen A, Verhulst Frank C, Ormel Johan, Vollebergh Wilma A M
机构信息
Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
出版信息
PLoS One. 2015 Oct 21;10(10):e0139186. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139186. eCollection 2015.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Excessive alcohol use is assumed to affect maturation of cognitive functioning in adolescence. However, most existing studies that have tested this hypothesis are seriously flawed due to the use of selective groups and/or cross-sectional designs, which limits the ability to draw firm conclusions. This longitudinal study investigated whether patterns of alcohol use predicted differences in maturation of executive functioning in adolescence. Additionally, gender was tested as a possible moderator.
METHODS
We used data from the Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS), which comprises a cohort of 2,230 Dutch adolescents. Maturation of executive functioning was measured by assessing the standardized improvement on each of four basic executive functions (i.e., inhibition, working memory, and shift- and sustained attention) between ages 11 and 19. Participants were assigned to one of six (heavy) drinking groups (i.e., non-drinkers, light drinkers, infrequent heavy drinkers, increased heavy drinkers, decreased heavy drinkers, and chronic heavy drinkers). We conducted linear regression analyses, and adjusted for relevant confounders.
RESULTS
The six drinking groups did not reveal significant differences in maturation between drinking groups. E.g., maturation executive functioning of chronic heavy drinkers in comparison to non-drinkers; inhibition: B = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.41 to 0.14], working memory: B = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.26 to 0.21], shift attention: B = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.17 to 0.41], sustained attention: B = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.60 to 0.36]. Furthermore, gender was not found to be a significant moderator.
CONCLUSIONS
Four years of weekly heavy drinking (i.e., chronic heavy drinkers) did not result in measurable impairments in four basic executive functions. Thus, regular heavy drinking in adolescence does not seem to affect these basic behavioural measures of executive functioning.
背景与目的
过量饮酒被认为会影响青少年认知功能的成熟。然而，大多数检验这一假设的现有研究存在严重缺陷，因为使用了选择性群体和/或横断面设计，这限制了得出确凿结论的能力。这项纵向研究调查了饮酒模式是否能预测青少年执行功能成熟度的差异。此外，还检验了性别是否可能作为一个调节因素。
方法
我们使用了青少年个体生活追踪调查（TRAILS）的数据，该调查涵盖了2230名荷兰青少年。通过评估11岁至19岁之间四项基本执行功能（即抑制、工作记忆、注意力转移和持续注意力）各自的标准化改善情况来衡量执行功能的成熟度。参与者被分为六个（重度）饮酒组之一（即不饮酒者、轻度饮酒者、偶尔重度饮酒者、饮酒量增加的重度饮酒者、饮酒量减少的重度饮酒者和慢性重度饮酒者）。我们进行了线性回归分析，并对相关混杂因素进行了调整。
结果
六个饮酒组在成熟度方面未显示出显著差异。例如，与不饮酒者相比，慢性重度饮酒者的执行功能成熟度；抑制：B = -0.14，95%置信区间[-0.41至0.14]，工作记忆：B = -0.03，95%置信区间[-0.26至0.21]，注意力转移：B = 0.13，95%置信区间[-0.17至0.41]，持续注意力：B = 0.12，95%置信区间[-0.60至0.36]。此外，未发现性别是一个显著的调节因素。
结论
四年每周大量饮酒（即慢性重度饮酒者）并未导致四项基本执行功能出现可测量的损害。因此，青少年经常大量饮酒似乎不会影响这些执行功能的基本行为指标。
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