Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences.
Division of Biostatistics.
Neuropsychology. 2022 Jan;36(1):44-54. doi: 10.1037/neu0000771. Epub 2021 Nov 22.
Executive control continues to develop throughout adolescence and is vulnerable to alcohol use. Although longitudinal assessment is ideal for tracking executive function development and onset of alcohol use, prior testing experience must be distinguished from developmental trajectories.
We used the Stroop Match-to-Sample task to examine the improvement of processing speed and specific cognitive and motor control over 4 years in 445 adolescents. The twice-minus-once-tested method was used and expanded to four test sessions to delineate prior experience (i.e., learning) from development. A General Additive Model evaluated the predictive value of age and sex on executive function development and potential influences of alcohol use on development.
Results revealed strong learning between the first two assessments. Adolescents significantly improved their speed processing over 4 years. Compared with boys, girls enhanced ability to control cognitive interference and motor reactions. Finally, the influence of alcohol use initiation was tested over 4 years for development in 110 no/low, 110 moderate/heavy age- and sex-matched drinkers; alcohol effects were not detected in the matched groups.
Estimation of learning effects is crucial for examining developmental changes longitudinally. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
执行控制在整个青春期持续发展，并且容易受到酒精的影响。虽然纵向评估是跟踪执行功能发展和酒精使用开始的理想方法，但之前的测试经验必须与发展轨迹区分开来。
我们使用斯特鲁普匹配样本任务，在 445 名青少年中，在 4 年内四次测试来检查处理速度以及特定认知和运动控制的提高。使用两次减去一次测试方法并扩展到四个测试阶段，以区分先前的经验（即学习）和发展。一般加法模型评估了年龄和性别对执行功能发展的预测价值，以及酒精使用对发展的潜在影响。
结果显示前两次评估之间有很强的学习。青少年在 4 年内显著提高了他们的速度处理能力。与男孩相比，女孩提高了控制认知干扰和运动反应的能力。最后，测试了 110 名无/低饮酒者和 110 名中/重度饮酒者的酒精使用起始对 4 年内发展的影响，在匹配组中未检测到酒精的影响。
估计学习效果对于纵向检查发展变化至关重要。
