Weijs Liesbeth, Zaccaroni Annalisa
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2016 Jan;70(1):1-8. doi: 10.1007/s00244-015-0233-9.
It is widely recognized that marine mammals are exposed to a wide variety of pollutants, with a weight of evidence indicating impacts on their health. Since hundreds of new chemicals enter the global market every year,the methods, approaches and technologies used to characterize pollution levels or impacts are also in a constant state of flux. However, legal and ethical constraints often limit the type and extent of toxicological research being carried out in marine mammals. Nevertheless, new and emerging in vivo, in vitro as well as in silico research opportunities abound in the field of marine mammal toxicology. In the application of findings to population-, species-, or habitat-related risk assessments, the identification of causal relationships which inform source apportionment is important. This, in turn, is informed by a comprehensive understanding of contaminant classes, profiles and fate overspace and time. Such considerations figure prominently in the design and interpretation of marine mammal (eco)-toxicology research. This mini-review attempts to follow the evolution behind marine mammal toxicology until now,highlight some of the research that has been done and suggest opportunities for future research. This Special Issue will showcase new developments in marine mammal toxicology, approaches for exposure-effect research in risk assessment as well as future opportunities.
人们普遍认识到，海洋哺乳动物会接触到各种各样的污染物，大量证据表明这些污染物会对它们的健康产生影响。由于每年有数百种新化学品进入全球市场，用于表征污染水平或影响的方法、途径和技术也处于不断变化的状态。然而，法律和伦理限制常常会限制在海洋哺乳动物身上开展的毒理学研究的类型和范围。尽管如此，海洋哺乳动物毒理学领域新出现的体内、体外以及计算机模拟研究机会众多。在将研究结果应用于与种群、物种或栖息地相关的风险评估时，识别有助于源分配的因果关系非常重要。反过来，这又需要全面了解污染物类别、分布情况以及在空间和时间上的归宿。这些考量在海洋哺乳动物（生态）毒理学研究的设计和解读中占据重要地位。本综述试图梳理迄今为止海洋哺乳动物毒理学背后的发展历程，重点介绍一些已开展的研究，并提出未来研究的机会。本期特刊将展示海洋哺乳动物毒理学的新进展、风险评估中暴露-效应研究的方法以及未来的机会。
