Kickett-Tucker C S, Christensen D, Lawrence D, Zubrick S R, Johnson D J, Stanley F
Australian Catholic University & Pindi Pindi, Centre for Research Excellence in Aboriginal Wellbeing, 20 William Street, Midland, WA, 6935, Australia.
Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
Int J Equity Health. 2015 Oct 24;14:103. doi: 10.1186/s12939-015-0234-3.
In Australia, there is little empirical research of the racial identity of Indigenous children and youth as the majority of the current literature focuses on adults. Furthermore, there are no instruments developed with cultural appropriateness when exploring the identity and self-esteem of the Australian Aboriginal population, especially children. The IRISE_C (Racial Identity and Self-Esteem of children) inventory was developed to explore the elements of racial identity and self-esteem of urban, rural and regional Aboriginal children. This paper describes the development and validation of the IRISE_C instrument with over 250 Aboriginal children aged 8 to 12 years.
A pilot of the IRISE C instrument was combined with individual interviews and was undertaken with 35 urban Aboriginal children aged 8-12 years. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to refine the survey and reduce redundant items in readiness for the main study. In the main study, the IRISE C was employed to 229 Aboriginal children aged 6-13 years across three sites (rural, regional and urban) in Western Australia. An exploratory factor analysis using Principal axis factoring was used to assess the fit of items and survey structure. A confirmatory factor analysis was then employed using LISREL (diagonally weighted least squares) to assess factor structures across domains. Internal consistency and reliability of subscales were assessed using Cronbach's co-efficient alpha.
The pilot testing identified two key concepts - children's knowledge of issues related to their racial identity, and the importance, or salience, that they attach to these issues. In the main study, factor analyses showed two clear factors relating to: Aboriginal culture and traditions; and a sense of belonging to an Aboriginal community. Principal Axis Factoring of the Knowledge items supported a 2-factor solution, which explained 38.7% of variance. Factor One (Aboriginal culture) had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.835; Factor 2 (racial identity) had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.800, thus demonstrating high internal reliability of the scales.
The IRISE_C has been shown to be a valid instrument useful of exploring the development of racial identity of Australian Aboriginal children across the 8-12 year old age range and across urban, rural and regional geographical locations.
在澳大利亚，针对原住民儿童和青少年的种族认同的实证研究较少，因为当前大多数文献关注的是成年人。此外，在探索澳大利亚原住民，尤其是儿童的身份认同和自尊时，尚未开发出具有文化适宜性的工具。“儿童种族认同与自尊量表（IRISE_C）”旨在探索城市、农村和地区原住民儿童的种族认同和自尊要素。本文描述了该量表在250多名8至12岁原住民儿童中的开发与验证过程。
对“儿童种族认同与自尊量表（IRISE_C）”进行了预试验，并结合了对35名8至12岁城市原住民儿童的个人访谈。进行探索性因素分析以完善调查问卷并减少冗余项目，为主要研究做好准备。在主要研究中，“儿童种族认同与自尊量表（IRISE_C）”应用于西澳大利亚三个地点（农村、地区和城市）的229名6至13岁原住民儿童。使用主轴因子分析法进行探索性因素分析，以评估项目与调查结构的拟合度。然后使用LISREL（对角加权最小二乘法）进行验证性因素分析，以评估各领域的因素结构。使用克朗巴哈系数α评估分量表的内部一致性和信度。
预试验确定了两个关键概念——儿童对与其种族认同相关问题的了解，以及他们对这些问题的重视程度或显著性。在主要研究中，因素分析显示出两个明确的因素，分别与：原住民文化和传统；以及对原住民社区的归属感有关。知识项目的主轴因子分析支持了一个双因素解决方案，该方案解释了38.7%的方差。因素一（原住民文化）的克朗巴哈系数α为0.835；因素二（种族认同）的克朗巴哈系数α为0.800，因此表明量表具有较高的内部信度。
“儿童种族认同与自尊量表（IRISE_C）”已被证明是一种有效的工具，可用于探索8至12岁年龄段、跨越城市、农村和地区地理位置的澳大利亚原住民儿童的种族认同发展情况。
