Department of Management, Elon University.
Department of Psychology, University of Georgia.
J Appl Psychol. 2016 Apr;101(4):463-83. doi: 10.1037/apl0000066. Epub 2015 Nov 23.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that organizations are increasingly concerned with employee off-duty deviance (ODD), yet management research has rarely investigated this type of deviant behavior. We define ODD as behaviors committed outside the workplace or when off-duty that are deviant by organizational and/or societal standards, jeopardize the employee's status within the organization, and threaten the interests and well-being of the organization and its stakeholders. Three studies are presented to better understand the relevance of ODD to modern organizations and then to understand potential approaches to reduce the incidence of ODD. The first study provides a qualitative review of publicly available ODD policies within the Fortune 500; the results showed that 13.4% of the Fortune 500 had a publicly available ODD policy, with the majority prohibiting criminal forms of ODD to protect the firm's reputation. The next 2 studies examine the efficacy of different approaches to reduce criminal ODD: policy adoption and personnel selection. In the second study, a longitudinal, quasi-experimental design showed a significant-albeit modest-reduction in criminal ODD following the adoption of a conduct policy. In the third and final study, a criterion-related validity design supported the predictive validity of general mental ability and prior deviance in predicting criminal ODD. This compendium of studies provides an initial empirical investigation into ODD and offers implications relevant to the deviance literature, policy development, and personnel selection.
轶事证据表明，组织越来越关注员工的下班不当行为（ODD），但管理研究很少调查这种类型的偏差行为。我们将 ODD 定义为在工作场所外或下班时发生的、违反组织和/或社会标准的行为，危及员工在组织中的地位，并威胁到组织及其利益相关者的利益和福祉。本文提出了三项研究，以更好地了解 ODD 对现代组织的相关性，然后了解减少 ODD 发生率的潜在方法。第一项研究对《财富》500 强中公开的 ODD 政策进行了定性审查；结果表明，《财富》500 强中有 13.4%的公司有公开的 ODD 政策，其中大多数公司禁止犯罪形式的 ODD 以保护公司的声誉。接下来的两项研究考察了减少犯罪 ODD 的不同方法的效果：政策采用和人员选择。在第二项研究中，一项纵向、准实验设计表明，在采用行为政策后，犯罪 ODD 显著减少，尽管幅度不大。在第三项也是最后一项研究中，一项与标准相关的有效性设计支持了一般心理能力和先前偏差在预测犯罪 ODD 方面的预测有效性。本研究汇编对 ODD 进行了初步的实证研究，并为偏差文献、政策制定和人员选择提供了相关启示。
