Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resource Research and Development, Agency of Agricultural Research and Development, Jalan Tentara Pelajar No. 12 Bogor 16114, Kampus Penelitian Pertanian, Cimanggu, Bogor, Indonesia.
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resource Research and Development, Agency of Agricultural Research and Development, Jalan Tentara Pelajar No. 12 Bogor 16114, Kampus Penelitian Pertanian, Cimanggu, Bogor, Indonesia.
Sci Total Environ. 2016 Feb 1;543(Pt A):480-492. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.157. Epub 2015 Nov 21.
Eruption of Sinabung volcano in Indonesia began again in 2010 after resting for 1200 years. The volcano is daily emitting ash and pyroclastic materials since September 2013 to the present, damaging agroecosystems and costing for management restoration. The objective of the study was to assess properties and impacts of pristine volcanic material depositions on soil properties and to provide management options for restoring the affected agroecosytem. Land satellite imagery was used for field studies to observe the distribution, thickness and properties of ashfall deposition. The pristine ashfall deposits and the underlying soils were sampled for mineralogical, soluble salt, chemical, physical and toxic compound analyses. Results showed that uneven distribution of rainfall at the time of violent eruption caused the areas receiving mud ashfall developed surface encrustation, which was not occur in areas receiving dry ashfall. Ashfall damaged the agroecosytem by burning vegetation, forming surface crusts, and creating soil acidity and toxicity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses of encrustated layer indicated the presence of gypsum and jarosite minerals. Gypsum likely acted as a cementing agent in the formation of the encrustation layer with extremely low pH (2.9) and extremely high concentrations of Al, Ca and S. Encrustation is responsible for limited water infiltration and root penetration, while the extremely high concentration of Al is responsible for crop toxicity. Mud ashfall and dry ashfall deposits also greatly changed the underlying soil properties by decreasing soil pH and cation exchange capacity and by increasing exchangeable Ca, Al, and S availability. Despite damaging vegetation in the short-term, the volcanic ashfall enriched the soil in the longer term by adding nutrients like Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, Si and S. Suggested management practices to help restore the agroecosystem after volcanic eruptions include: (i) the application of lime to increase soil pH, increase cation exchange capacity and decrease Al and S toxicities, (ii) the selection of crops which are tolerant to low pH and high concentrations of soluble Al and S, (iii) physically disrupting the hard surface crusts that form on some soils (if <2 cm thick) to allow water infiltration and root penetration, (iv) application of N and K fertilizers, and (v) incorporation of dry ashfall into the soil (if <5 cm thick) to exploit the newly deposited nutrients.
印尼的 Sinabung 火山在休眠 1200 年后于 2010 年再次爆发。自 2013 年 9 月至今，这座火山每天都在喷发火山灰和火山碎屑物质，破坏了农业生态系统并需要进行管理恢复。本研究的目的是评估原始火山物质沉积对土壤性质的影响，并为恢复受影响的农业生态系统提供管理方案。土地卫星图像被用于实地研究，以观察火山灰沉降的分布、厚度和特性。对原始火山灰沉降物和下面的土壤进行了矿物学、可溶性盐、化学、物理和有毒化合物分析。结果表明，在剧烈喷发时不均匀的降雨分布导致接收泥浆火山灰的区域形成表面结壳，而接收干火山灰的区域则没有。火山灰通过燃烧植被、形成地表结壳以及造成土壤酸度和毒性，破坏了农业生态系统。对结壳层进行的 X 射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析表明存在石膏和黄钾铁矾矿物。石膏可能在形成 pH 值极低（2.9）且 Al、Ca 和 S 浓度极高的结壳层中起到胶结剂的作用。结壳层限制了水的渗透和根系的穿透，而极高的 Al 浓度则导致作物毒性。泥浆火山灰和干火山灰沉积物还通过降低土壤 pH 值和阳离子交换能力，以及增加可交换的 Ca、Al 和 S 的可用性，极大地改变了下面的土壤性质。尽管火山灰在短期内破坏了植被，但从长期来看，火山灰增加了土壤中的养分，如 Ca、Mg、K、Na、P、Si 和 S。建议在火山爆发后帮助恢复农业生态系统的管理措施包括：（i）施用石灰以提高土壤 pH 值、增加阳离子交换能力并降低 Al 和 S 的毒性，（ii）选择对低 pH 值和高浓度可溶性 Al 和 S 具有耐受性的作物，（iii）破坏一些土壤上形成的坚硬表面结壳（如果结壳厚度<2 厘米）以允许水渗透和根系穿透，（iv）施用 N 和 K 肥料，以及（v）将干火山灰混入土壤（如果<5 厘米厚）以利用新沉积的养分。
