Costa Mariana A
Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Reprod Biomed Online. 2016 Jan;32(1):14-43. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.10.005. Epub 2015 Oct 27.
During pregnancy, several tightly coordinated and regulated processes take place to enable proper fetal development and gestational success. The formation and development of the placenta is one of these critical pregnancy events. This organ plays essential roles during gestation, including fetal nourishment, support and protection, gas exchange and production of several hormones and other mediators. Placental hormones are mainly secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast, in a highly and tightly regulated way. These hormones are important for pregnancy establishment and maintenance, exerting autocrine and paracrine effects that regulate decidualization, placental development, angiogenesis, endometrial receptivity, embryo implantation, immunotolerance and fetal development. In addition, because they are released into maternal circulation, the profile of their blood levels throughout pregnancy has been the target of intense research towards finding potential robust and reliable biomarkers to predict and diagnose pregnancy-associated complications. In fact, altered levels of these hormones have been associated with some pathologies, such as chromosomal anomalies or pre-eclampsia. This review proposes to revise and update the main pregnancy-related hormones, addressing their major characteristics, molecular targets, function throughout pregnancy, regulators of their expression and their potential clinical interest.
在怀孕期间，会发生几个紧密协调和调节的过程，以确保胎儿正常发育并实现妊娠成功。胎盘的形成和发育是这些关键妊娠事件之一。该器官在妊娠期间发挥着重要作用，包括为胎儿提供营养、支持和保护、气体交换以及分泌多种激素和其他介质。胎盘激素主要由合体滋养层细胞以高度严格调控的方式分泌。这些激素对于妊娠的建立和维持至关重要，发挥自分泌和旁分泌作用，调节蜕膜化、胎盘发育、血管生成、子宫内膜容受性、胚胎着床、免疫耐受和胎儿发育。此外，由于它们释放到母体循环中，其在整个孕期的血液水平变化情况一直是深入研究的目标，旨在寻找潜在的强大而可靠的生物标志物来预测和诊断妊娠相关并发症。事实上，这些激素水平的改变与一些病理状况有关，如染色体异常或先兆子痫。本综述旨在对主要的妊娠相关激素进行修订和更新，阐述它们的主要特征、分子靶点、在整个孕期的功能、表达调节因子以及它们潜在的临床意义。
