Barateiro Andreia, Brites Dora, Fernandes Adelaide
Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal.
Curr Pharm Des. 2016;22(6):656-79. doi: 10.2174/1381612822666151204000636.
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system that constitute about 5 to 10% of the total glial population. These cells are responsible for myelin sheath production, which is essential not only for the rapid and efficient conduction of the electrical impulses along the axons, but also for preserving axonal integrity. Oligodendrocytes arise from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells that proliferate and differentiate just before and after birth, under a highly-regulated program. Both oligodendrocytes and their precursors are very susceptible to injury by several mechanisms, including excitotoxic damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory events. In this review, we will cover not only several important aspects of oligodendrocyte development and regulatory mechanisms involved in this process, but also some of the most important pathways of injury associated to oligodendrogenesis. Moreover, we will also address some neurological disorders along life journey that present impairment in oligodendrocyte function and in myelination during neurodevelopment, such as periventricular leukomalacia, hypoxia/ischemia and hyperbilirubinemia that in turn can potentiate the emergence of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases like schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
少突胶质细胞是中枢神经系统的髓鞘形成细胞，约占神经胶质细胞总数的5%至10%。这些细胞负责髓鞘的产生，髓鞘不仅对于电冲动沿轴突的快速高效传导至关重要，而且对于维持轴突完整性也必不可少。少突胶质细胞起源于少突胶质前体细胞，这些前体细胞在出生前后按照高度调控的程序进行增殖和分化。少突胶质细胞及其前体细胞都极易受到多种机制的损伤，包括兴奋性毒性损伤、氧化应激和炎症反应。在本综述中，我们不仅将涵盖少突胶质细胞发育的几个重要方面以及该过程中涉及的调控机制，还将探讨与少突胶质细胞生成相关的一些最重要的损伤途径。此外，我们还将讨论人生历程中出现的一些神经系统疾病，这些疾病在神经发育过程中表现为少突胶质细胞功能和髓鞘形成受损，例如脑室周围白质软化、缺氧/缺血和高胆红素血症，这些反过来又可能增加精神分裂症、多发性硬化症和阿尔茨海默病等神经和神经退行性疾病的发生风险。
