Mori I
Acta Virol. 2015 Dec;59(4):338-49. doi: 10.4149/av_2015_04_338.
Viral neuroinvasion via the olfactory system has been investigated in a variety of virus-animal models by scientists in many fields including virologists, pathologists, and neurologists. In humans, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), Borna disease virus, rabies virus, and influenza A virus have been shown to take the olfactory route for neuroinvasion based on forensic and post-mortem specimens. This article briefly summarizes the anatomy, physiology, and immunology of the olfactory system and presents a battery of neurovirulent viruses that may threaten the human brain by invading through this peripheral pathway, especially focusing on two of the most intensively studied viruses--HSV-1 and influenza A virus. Viruses may insidiously invade the olfactory neural network not only to precipitate encephalitis/encephalopathy but also to promote the development of neurodegenerative and demyelinating disorders. Substantial information obtained by analyzing human specimens is required to argue for or against this hypothesis.
包括病毒学家、病理学家和神经学家在内的许多领域的科学家，已在多种病毒-动物模型中研究了病毒通过嗅觉系统的神经侵袭情况。在人类中，基于法医和尸检标本，已证明单纯疱疹病毒1型（HSV-1）、人类疱疹病毒6型（HHV-6）、博尔纳病病毒、狂犬病病毒和甲型流感病毒可通过嗅觉途径进行神经侵袭。本文简要总结了嗅觉系统的解剖学、生理学和免疫学，并介绍了一系列可能通过这一外周途径侵入从而威胁人类大脑的神经毒性病毒，尤其着重于两种研究最为深入的病毒——HSV-1和甲型流感病毒。病毒可能会悄然侵入嗅觉神经网络，不仅引发脑炎/脑病，还会促进神经退行性疾病和脱髓鞘疾病的发展。需要通过分析人类标本获得的大量信息来支持或反驳这一假说。
