Center for Energy and Environmental Resources, The University of Texas at Austin , 10100 Burnet Road, Building 133, Mail Code R7100, Austin, Texas 78758, United States.
Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2016 Feb 2;50(3):1611-9. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04175. Epub 2016 Jan 15.
Cap and trade programs have historically been designed to achieve annual or seasonal reductions in emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide from power plants. Emissions reductions may not be temporally coincident with meteorological conditions conducive to the formation of peak ozone and fine particulate matter concentrations. Integrated power system and air quality modeling methods were developed to evaluate time-differentiated emissions price signals on high ozone days in the Mid-Atlantic portion of the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland (PJM) Interconnection and Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) grids. Sufficient flexibility exists in the two grids with marked differences in demand and fuel generation mix to accommodate time-differentiated emissions pricing alone or in combination with a season-wide program. System-wide emissions reductions and production costs from time-differentiated pricing are shown to be competitive with those of a season-wide program on high ozone days and would be more cost-effective if the primary policy goal was to target emissions reductions on these days. Time-differentiated pricing layered as a complement to the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule had particularly pronounced benefits for the Mid-Atlantic PJM system that relies heavily on coal-fired generation. Time-differentiated pricing aimed at reducing ozone concentrations had particulate matter reduction co-benefits, but if particulate matter reductions are the primary objective, other approaches to time-differentiated pricing may lead to greater benefits.
总量管制与交易制度历来旨在实现电厂的氮氧化物和二氧化硫排放量的年度或季节性减少。排放量的减少可能与有利于臭氧和细颗粒物浓度峰值形成的气象条件不同时发生。开发了综合电力系统和空气质量建模方法，以评估宾夕法尼亚州-新泽西州-马里兰州（PJM）互联系统和德克萨斯州电力可靠性委员会（ERCOT）电网中大西洋中部地区高臭氧日的时区分化排放价格信号。两个电网具有明显的需求和燃料生成组合差异，具有足够的灵活性，可以单独或结合季节性计划来适应时区分化排放定价。结果表明，在高臭氧日，时区分化定价的系统范围排放减少和生产成本与季节性计划相当，如果主要政策目标是针对这些天的排放量减少，那么该计划将更具成本效益。作为跨州空气污染规则的补充分层的时区分化定价对严重依赖燃煤发电的大西洋中部 PJM 系统具有特别显著的益处。旨在降低臭氧浓度的时区分化定价具有减少颗粒物的共同效益，但如果颗粒物减少是主要目标，那么其他时区分化定价方法可能会带来更大的效益。
