Woollacott Jared, Alsufyani Wael, Beach Robert H, T R Morrison Laura, Bean de Hernández Alison, Rakic Severin, AlOmran Mashael, Alsukait Reem F, Herbst Christopher H, AlBalawi Salem
RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA.
Public Health Authority of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Heliyon. 2022 Aug 19;8(9):e10335. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10335. eCollection 2022 Sep.
Air pollution poses major disease burdens globally and accounts for approximately 10% of deaths annually through its contribution to a variety of respiratory, cardiovascular, and other diseases. The burden of disease is particularly acute in Saudi Arabia, where a mix of anthropogenic and natural sources of air pollution threatens public health. Addressing these burdens requires careful study of the costs and effectiveness of available technologies and policies for reducing emissions (mitigation) and avoiding exposure (adaptation). To help evaluate these options, we conduct a semi-systematic literature review of over 3,000 articles published since 2010 that were identified by searches of literature focused on pollution mitigation and pollution adaptation. We identify a wide variety of effective mitigation and adaptation technologies and find that cost-effectiveness information for policy design is highly variable in the case of mitigation, both within and across pollution source categories; or scarce, in the case of adaptation. While pollution control costs are well studied, policy costs differ; these may vary more by location because of factors such as technology operating conditions and behavioral responses to adaptation initiatives, limiting the generalizability of cost-effectiveness information. Moreover, potential cost advantages of multipollutant control policies are likely to depend on the existing mix of pollution sources and controls. While the policy literature generally favors more flexible compliance mechanisms that increase the cost of polluting to reflect its costs to society, important policy design factors include policy co-benefits, distributional concerns, and inter-regional harmonization. In addition to these key themes, we find that further study is needed both to improve the availability of cost information for adaptation interventions and to localize technology and policy cost estimates to the Saudi context.
空气污染在全球造成了重大疾病负担，每年约10%的死亡归因于空气污染导致的各种呼吸道、心血管及其他疾病。沙特阿拉伯的疾病负担尤为严重，人为和自然的空气污染源共同威胁着公众健康。应对这些负担需要仔细研究减少排放（缓解）和避免暴露（适应）的现有技术和政策的成本与效果。为帮助评估这些选项，我们对自2010年以来发表的3000多篇文章进行了半系统的文献综述，这些文章是通过搜索聚焦于污染缓解和污染适应的文献确定的。我们识别出了各种各样有效的缓解和适应技术，并发现政策设计的成本效益信息在缓解方面差异很大，无论是在污染源类别内部还是之间；而在适应方面则很稀缺。虽然污染控制成本已得到充分研究，但政策成本有所不同；由于技术运行条件和对适应举措的行为反应等因素，政策成本可能因地点而异，这限制了成本效益信息的普遍性。此外，多污染物控制政策的潜在成本优势可能取决于现有的污染源和控制措施组合。虽然政策文献普遍倾向于采用更灵活的合规机制，以提高污染成本以反映其对社会的成本，但重要的政策设计因素包括政策协同效益、分配问题和区域间协调。除了这些关键主题，我们发现还需要进一步研究，以提高适应干预措施成本信息的可得性，并将技术和政策成本估计本地化到沙特的情况。
